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4KG Lava Rocks for Gas BBQ, Fire pit, Aquarium, Chiminea (4KG)

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Tietz, Olaf; Büchner, Joerg (2018). "The origin of the term 'basalt' " (PDF). Journal of Geosciences. 63 (4): 295–298. doi: 10.3190/jgeosci.273 . Retrieved 19 August 2020. igneous". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022 . Retrieved 15 October 2022. Kennedy, W. Q. (1 March 1933). "Trends of differentiation in basaltic magmas". American Journal of Science. s5-25 (147): 239–256. Bibcode: 1933AmJS...25..239K. doi: 10.2475/ajs.s5-25.147.239. Alkali basalt is relatively rich in alkali metals. It is silica-undersaturated and may contain feldspathoids, [33] alkali feldspar, phlogopite, and kaersutite. Augite in alkali basalts is titanium-enriched augite, and low-calcium pyroxenes are never present. [41] They are characteristic of continental rifting and hotspot volcanism. [42]

Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC

The word lava comes from Italian and is probably derived from the Latin word labes, which means a fall or slide. [2] [3] An early use of the word in connection with extrusion of magma from below the surface is found in a short account of the 1737 eruption of Vesuvius, written by Francesco Serao, who described "a flow of fiery lava" as an analogy to the flow of water and mud down the flanks of the volcano (a lahar) after heavy rain. [4] [5] Properties of lava Composition Pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā lava flows side by side in Hawaii, September 2007Keller, Jörg; Krafft, Maurice (November 1990). "Effusive natrocarbonatite activity of Oldoinyo Lengai, June 1988". Bulletin of Volcanology. 52 (8): 629–645. Bibcode: 1990BVol...52..629K. doi: 10.1007/BF00301213. S2CID 129106033. Lewis, J.V. (1914). "Origin of pillow lavas". Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 25 (1): 639. Bibcode: 1914GSAB...25..591L. doi: 10.1130/GSAB-25-591.

Igneous rock - Wikipedia Igneous rock - Wikipedia

Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nded.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88006-0. Main article: Lava dome A forested lava dome in the midst of the Valle Grande, the largest meadow in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico, United States Hinton, Edward; Hogg, Andrew; Huppert, Herbert (2020). "Viscous free-surface flows past cylinders". Physical Review Fluids. 5 (84101): 084101. Bibcode: 2020PhRvF...5h4101H. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.084101. hdl: 1983/f52f7078-5936-4e37-9d79-be456f08eb5c. S2CID 225416948. Pinkerton, Harry; James, Mike; Jones, Alun (March 2002). "Surface temperature measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 113 (1–2): 159–176. Bibcode: 2002JVGR..113..159P. doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00257-8. a b Sonder, I; Zimanowski, B; Büttner, R (2006). "Non-Newtonian viscosity of basaltic magma". Geophysical Research Letters. 330 (2): L02303. Bibcode: 2006GeoRL..33.2303S. doi: 10.1029/2005GL024240.Tietz, O.; Büchner, J. (29 December 2018). "The origin of the term 'basalt' ". Journal of Geosciences: 295–298. doi: 10.3190/jgeosci.273. Battaglia, Steven M. (March 2019). A Jökulhlaup-like Model for Secondary Sulfur Flows on Io (PDF). 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 18–22 March 2019. The Woodlands, Texas. Bibcode: 2019LPI....50.1189B. LPI Contribution No. 1189. De Fazio, Piero. "Basalt fiber: from earth an ancient material for innovative and modern application". Italian national agency for new technologies, energy and sustainable economic development (in English and Italian). Archived from the original on 17 May 2019 . Retrieved 17 December 2018.

Welcome to BGS - British Geological Survey

in some special circumstances they host important mineral deposits ( ores): for example, tungsten, tin, [5] and uranium [6] are commonly associated with granites and diorites, whereas ores of chromium and platinum are commonly associated with gabbros. [7] Lopes, Rosaly M. C.; Gregg, Tracy K. P. (2004). Volcanic Worlds: Exploring The Solar System's Volcanoes. Springer-Praxis. p.135. ISBN 978-3-540-00431-8.Grotzinger, J. P. (26 September 2013). "Analysis of Surface Materials by the Curiosity Mars Rover". Science. 341 (6153): 1475. Bibcode: 2013Sci...341.1475G. doi: 10.1126/science.1244258. PMID 24072916. Bevier, Mary Lou (1 April 1983). "Regional stratigraphy and age of Chilcotin Group basalts, south-central British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 20 (4): 515–524. Bibcode: 1983CaJES..20..515B. doi: 10.1139/e83-049.

Lava - Wikipedia Lava - Wikipedia

On the Earth, most lava flows are less than 10km (6.2mi) long, but some pāhoehoe flows are more than 50km (31mi) long. [62] Some flood basalt flows in the geologic record extend for hundreds of kilometres. [63] McEwen, A. S.; etal. (1998). "High-temperature silicate volcanism on Jupiter's moon Io". Science. 281 (5373): 87–90. Bibcode: 1998Sci...281...87M. doi: 10.1126/science.281.5373.87. PMID 9651251. S2CID 28222050.A cooling lava flow shrinks, and this fractures the flow. Basalt flows show a characteristic pattern of fractures. The uppermost parts of the flow show irregular downward-splaying fractures, while the lower part of the flow shows a very regular pattern of fractures that break the flow into five- or six-sided columns. The irregular upper part of the solidified flow is called the entablature, while the lower part that shows columnar jointing is called the colonnade. (The terms are borrowed from Greek temple architecture.) Likewise, regular vertical patterns on the sides of columns, produced by cooling with periodic fracturing, are described as chisel marks. Despite their names, these are natural features produced by cooling, thermal contraction, and fracturing. [48]

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