Flags of the Napoleonic Wars (2): Colours, Standards and Guidons of Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia: v. 2 (Men-at-Arms)

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With the transformation of the Italian Republic into the Kingdom of Italy (1805–1814), also a state body not including the entire Italian peninsula, the flag did not undergo substantial changes. [85] In the meantime, the Napoleonic revolutionary thrust underwent an evolution, taking on more reactionary hues: for example, the French revolutionary calendar was abolished, which was replaced by the restoration of the ancient Gregorian calendar, and many myths of the French revolution, such as the Storming of the Bastille, were overshadowed. [86] Despite the various hypotheses on the origin of the Italian tricolour and the meaning of its colours, there is no certain and unequivocal evidence of its existence before the entry of the French into Milan, which took place on 14 May 1796. In France, due to the Revolution, the flag had passed from having a "dynastic" and "military" meaning, to having a "national" one, and this concept, still unknown in Italy, was transmitted by the French to the Italians. [14] On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was given the title of " Emperor of the French" by the Senate; finally, on 2 December 1804, he was solemnly crowned, after receiving the Iron Crown of the Lombard kings, and was consecrated by Pope Pius VII in Notre-Dame de Paris. [c]

On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was granted the title Emperor of the French ( Empereur des Français, pronounced [ɑ̃.pʁœʁ de fʁɑ̃.sɛ]) by the French Sénat conservateur and was crowned on 2 December 1804, [8] signifying the end of the French Consulate and of the French First Republic. Despite his coronation, the state continued to be formally called the "French Republic" until October 1808. The empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, and allied states, notably at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. [9] French dominance was reaffirmed during the War of the Fourth Coalition, at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806 and the Battle of Friedland in 1807, [10] before Napoleon's final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

USING THE PRINTED FLAGS

The Italian tricolour, like other tricolour flags, is inspired by the French one, introduced by the revolution in the autumn of 1790 on French Navy warships, [3] and symbol of the renewal perpetrated by the origins of Jacobinism. [4] [5]

A vast undertaking by John Stallaert, full of useful information and sources on uniforms of the period. In the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon swept away the remnants of the old Holy Roman Empire and created in southern Germany the vassal states of Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Saxony, which were reorganised into the Confederation of the Rhine. The Treaty of Pressburg, signed on 26 December 1805, extracted extensive territorial concessions from Austria, on top of a large financial indemnity. Napoleon's creation of the Kingdom of Italy, the occupation of Ancona, and his annexation of Venetia and its former Adriatic territories marked a new stage in the French Empire's progress. more Pirate Flag designs by Kevin Dallimore: Thomas Tew, Richard Worley, Henry Every, Laurens De Graff, Kev's Killer Kutthroats, Jolly Roger, another Jolly Roger, Walther Kennedy, Christopher Condent and Sir Henry Morgan. Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1806 Imperial standard of Napoleon IGenerally speaking the Russian army organisation and the issuing of flags to the regiments throughout the period is a somewhat confusing subject to say the least. The information I present here is based on the few sources I have available. If anyone out there can enlighten me on anything I've missed or any mistakes I've made I would be highly delighted. Originally the colours of the flag of the Cisalpine Republic were arranged horizontally, with green at the top, [65] but on 11 May 1798, the Grand Council of the newborn State chose, as the national banner, an Italian tricolour with the colours arranged vertically: [27] [66] [67] From 16 to 18 October 1796, in Modena, a congress was held in which the delegates of Bologna, Ferrara, Modena and Reggio Emilia participated, which decreed the birth of the Cispadane Republic, with lawyer Antonio Aldini as president. Obviously the flags are too large to be used 'as is' and will need to be further scaled down to suit the wargame figure size in use. Miniatures from different manufacturers do tend to vary slightly in size, even within the same scale. The user should determine their prefered overall scale. For 25mm figures the widely accepted scale is 1:72 this means that the flags need to be reduced to this scale size when printed. Another consideration is that I have scaled the staff section of the flags (the wrap around bit) to be approx 3mm wide when reduced to my favourite size which is fine for the straightened paper clips I use as flag staffs. Users can easily adjust this size by cutting and moving the flags sections in or out from the center and filling as required.

Ghisi, Enrico Il tricolore italiano (1796–1870) Milano: Anonima per l'Arte della Stampa, 1931; see Gay, H. Nelson in The American Historical Review Vol. 37 No. 4 (pp. 750–751), July 1932 JSTOR 1843352 In 1796 Paul I issued new pattern flags to the three Foot Guard regiments. These new flags were of the same size as those of the line and were issued at the same rate. i.e. one white flag per regiment and one coloured flag per company. These flags were used for only a short time and were replaced in 1800. The first territory to be conquered by Napoleon was Piedmont; in the historical archive of the Piedmontese municipality of Cherasco there is a document that proves, on 13 May 1796, on the occasion of the homonymous armistice between Napoleon and the Austrian- Piedmontese troops, with which Victor Emmanuel I of Piedmont-Sardinia ceded Nice and Savoy to France to end the war, [11] the first mention of the Italian flag, which refers to municipal banners hoisted on three towers in the historic centre. [12]a b Lyons, Martyn (1994). Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.232. ISBN 978-1349234363– via Google Books. (paper ISBN 978-0333572917) Spain used up the soldiers needed for Napoleon's other fields of battle, and they had to be replaced by conscripts. Spanish resistance affected Austria, and indicated the potential of national resistance. The provocations of Talleyrand and Britain strengthened the idea that the Austrians could emulate the Spanish. On 10 April 1809, Austria invaded France's ally, Bavaria. The campaign of 1809, however, would not be nearly as long and troublesome for France as the one in Spain and Portugal. Following a short and decisive action in Bavaria, Napoleon opened up the road to the Austrian capital of Vienna for a second time. At Aspern, Napoleon suffered his first serious tactical defeat, along with the death of Marshal Jean Lannes, an able commander and dear friend of the emperor. The victory at Wagram, however, forced Austria to sue for peace. The Treaty of Schönbrunn, signed on 14 December 1809, resulted in the annexation of the Illyrian Provinces and recognised past French conquests.

Marines consisted of four regiments with dark green facings piped white. In 1812 the shoulder straps were: 25 th – White, 26th – Yellow, 27 th – Green, 28 th –Red Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 501. doi: 10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793 . Retrieved 20 August 2021. With the transformation of the Cisalpine Republic into the Italian Republic (1802–1805), a state body that did not include the entire Italian peninsula and which was also directly dependent on Napoleonic France, the arrangement of the colours on the flag changed into a composition formed by a green square inserted in a white diamond, [79] in turn included in a red box. The Presidential standard of Italy in use since 14 October 2000 [80] [81] was inspired by this flag. In 1813 a new pattern flag was produced, however the 1800 and 1803 pattern flags continued in use and few of the new pattern appear to have been issued. Regiments known to have received the new pattern flags were: Pernov, Kaluga, Okhotsk, Kamchatka, Riazski and Tambov. Only coloured flags were issued to these regiments and these all had green crosses with white corners and were colours of St George. From August 1814 the white flags were abolished and the regiments were to have only one coloured flag per battalion. It is unlikely that this directive had been completely complied with by the end of the Napoleonic period.

On 12 May 1802, the French Tribunat voted unanimously, with the exception of Lazare Carnot, in favour of the Life Consulship for the leader of France. [13] This action was confirmed by the Corps Législatif. A general plebiscite followed thereafter resulting in 3,653,600 votes aye and 8,272 votes nay. [14] On 2 August 1802 (14 Thermidor, An X), Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed Consul for life.