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Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. However, early junction transistors were relatively bulky devices that were difficult to manufacture on a mass-production basis, which limited them to a number of specialized applications. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. Computers are used to control large and small machines that, in the past, were controlled by humans.
This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. The Antikythera mechanism, dating back to ancient Greece circa 150–100 BCE, is an early analog computing device.
The MOSFET is the most widely used transistor in computers, [79] [80] and is the fundamental building block of digital electronics. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BCE and is often attributed to Hipparchus. As problems become larger and more complex, features such as subprograms, modules, formal documentation, and new paradigms such as object-oriented programming are encountered.
The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete. Software is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built. This term may also refer to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster. In the first half of the 20th century, scientists started using computers, mostly because scientists had a lot of math to figure out and wanted to spend more of their time thinking about science questions instead of spending hours adding numbers together.
The compiler converts the user's instructions into binary code (machine code) that the computer will understand and do what is needed. Examples of pattern-based systems include voice recognition, font recognition, translation and the emerging field of on-line marketing. However, there are usually specialized instructions to tell the computer to jump ahead or backwards to some other place in the program and to carry on executing from there. You want a mobile device: While the Mac mini has the style and performance of the most recent MacBooks, it needs to be plugged into a monitor and power. ENIAC was the first electronic, Turing-complete device, and performed ballistics trajectory calculations for the United States Army.
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