Anatomy of the Horse: with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg

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Deoxygenated blood is converted into oxygenated blood in the lungs and flows back to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. In equine ovaries, unlike in humans, the vascular tissue is cortical to follicular tissue, so ovulation can only occur at an ovulation fossa near the infundibulum. Eye size in mammals is significantly correlated to maximum running speed as well as to body size, in accordance with Leuckart's law; animals capable of fast locomotion require large eyes. A session is a mechanism for preserving state and user information between individual requests during a single connection session.

Explaining that he has followed the methods used by Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen to describe the human body, Ruini reflects on equine pathology, beginning with conditions of a general nature, such as fever, before progressing to descriptions of specific diseases.The entire body structure and its functions are absolutely amazing and can be very interesting to study. Vesalius’ work ‘De Humani Corporis Fabrica’ on the left, and Ruini’s ‘Anatomia Del Cavallo’ on the right.

Sloping croup (truncated) – at 30-40 degrees slope, which gives the horse more strength, making this type of croup good for carriage.The dermis lies directly under the epidermis, and is divided into the papillary and the reticular layers. As tendons develop they lay down collagen, which is the main structural protein of connective tissue. If starch is not digested in the small intestine it will be delivered to the hindgut where it will be rapidly fermented by bacteria, causing lactic acid production and accumulation, hindgut acidosis and diseases such as colic, metabolic acidosis and laminitis/founder.

After recounting the horse’s role in both work and recreation, Ruini concludes the introduction by explaining that his aims are to describe each part of the horse’s body, the nature of the ailments that afflict them, and the means of curing this worthy and noble animal. Camped under – causes excessive use of tendons and ligaments, straining of periosteum, shortening of the gait, and furthers stepping or hitting of the back legs against the heels of the front ones. The lymph vessels are connected to lymph nodes, and lymph is filtered within lymph nodes before reaching the bloodstream. Traumatic injuries involving a joint should be treated as an emergency; if the joint has been penetrated infection can quickly set in, leading to inflammation and lameness.The work contained 24 engravings arranged across the studies, accompanied by tables that explained the findings. The thyroid gland of the horse lies on the trachea, and paired lobes are widely dissociated but connected by an insubstantial isthmus. In this case, the tendons (and associated muscles) are named for their most distal action (digital flexion).