Melanin In Bloom: My Journal

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Human Skin Color Variation". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2019. Harding RM, Healy E, Ray AJ, etal. (April 2000). "Evidence for variable selective pressures at MC1R". American Journal of Human Genetics. 66 (4): 1351–61. doi: 10.1086/302863. PMC 1288200. PMID 10733465. Lu, Z. et al. Multifunctional role of a fungal pathogen-secreted laccase 2 in evasion of insect immune defense. Environ. Microbiol. 23, 1256–1274 (2021). Nappi, A. J. & Christensen, B. M. Melanogenesis and associated cytotoxic reactions: applications to insect innate immunity. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 35, 443–459 (2005).

Bonser, Richard H. C. (1995). "Melanin and the Abrasion Resistance of Feathers". Condor. 97 (2): 590–591. doi: 10.2307/1369048. JSTOR 1369048. a b c Mosse, Irma (18 January 2022). "Radiobiology in my life – Irma Mosse". International Journal of Radiation Biology. Taylor & Francis. 98 (3: Women in Radiobiology): 474–478. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2026517. ISSN 0955-3002. PMID 34994663. S2CID 245823003. a b Sarna, Michal; Krzykawska-Serda, Martyna; Jakubowska, Monika; Zadlo, Andrzej; Urbanska, Krystyna (26 June 2019). "Melanin presence inhibits melanoma cell spread in mice in a unique mechanical fashion". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 9280. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...9.9280S. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45643-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6594928. PMID 31243305. Early humans evolved to have dark skin color around 1.2million years ago, as an adaptation to a loss of body hair that increased the effects of UV radiation. Before the development of hairlessness, early humans had reasonably light skin underneath their fur, similar to that found in other primates. [63] The most recent scientific evidence indicates that anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago, [64] and then populated the rest of the world through one migration between 80,000 and 50,000 years ago, in some areas interbreeding with certain archaic human species ( Neanderthals, Denisovans, and possibly others). [65] It seems likely that the first modern humans had relatively large numbers of eumelanin-producing melanocytes, producing darker skin similar to the indigenous people of Africa today. As some of these original people migrated and settled in areas of Asia and Europe, the selective pressure for eumelanin production decreased in climates where radiation from the sun was less intense. This eventually produced the current range of human skin color. Of the two common gene variants known to be associated with pale human skin, Mc1r does not appear to have undergone positive selection, [66] while SLC24A5 has undergone positive selection. [67] Effects [ edit ]Mark Heiden (8 July 2020). "New biomaterial could shield against harmful radiation". Northwestern University . Retrieved 29 January 2023. C. neoformans was washed in PBS, counted, and resuspended to 10 7 cells/ml, and 10 µl was injected in the right rear proleg of G. mellonella larvae ranging from 175 to 225 mg, for an infectious inoculum of ~10 5 cells/larva. C. albicans was washed and resuspended in 5 × 10 7 cells/ml and larvae were injected with 10 µl of culture for an infectious inoculum of 5 × 10 5 cells/larva, while C. auris was resuspended in 10 8 cells/ml and larvae were injected with 10 µl of culture for an infectious inoculum of 10 6 cells/larva. Following infection (5 days for C. neoformans, 24 h for C. albicans, and 48 h for C. auris), groups of three larvae were removed from incubator and injected with 10 µl of 1 M ascorbic acid to inhibit new melanization and oxidation of endogenous catecholamines during the tissue-clearing process. Ten minutes following the ascorbic acid injection, larvae were placed at −20 °C for 15 min to euthanize them, then injected with an additional 10 µl of 1 M ascorbic acid. Larvae were immediately placed in 40 mL of 4% paraformaldehyde to fix overnight at 4 C. Fixed larvae were washed in PBS, and serially dehydrated in 50, 75, 100, and 100% methanol for 1 h each at 4 °C. Larvae were then incubated for 1 h in 50% methanol and 50% BABB solution (2:1 Benzyl benzoate: Benzyl alcohol), and cleared in 100% BABB solution as previously described 40. Following 5–7 days of tissue clearing, larvae were removed from the BABB solution and pressed between two glass microscope slides. Once flattened, a coverslip was placed on top of the larvae and parafilmed into place. Larvae were imaged using Olympus AX70 microscope with ×4, ×20, and ×100 objectives. Imaging Galleria mellonella hemocytes in vitro

Millar, S. E.; Miller, M. W.; Stevens, M. E.; Barsh, G. S. (October 1995). "Expression and transgenic studies of the mouse agouti gene provide insight into the mechanisms by which mammalian coat color patterns are generated". Development. 121 (10): 3223–3232. doi: 10.1242/dev.121.10.3223. PMID 7588057. Castelvecchi, Davide (26 May 2007). "Dark Power: Pigment seems to put radiation to good use". Science News. 171 (21): 325. doi: 10.1002/scin.2007.5591712106.Vitiligo. This condition causes your skin to lose color, resulting in white patches. It occurs when melanocytes are destroyed by your immune system. While vitiligo affects all races, it’s more noticeable in people with darker skin.