Nestle Golden Morn Instant Cereal (Maize) - 1 kg

Product Information

Researchers sequence genome of maize, a key crop". Reuters. February 26, 2008 . Retrieved October 6, 2014.

In the United States, maize ears along with tobacco leaves are carved into the capitals of columns in the United States Capitol building. Maize itself is sometimes used for temporary architectural detailing when the intent is to celebrate the fall season, local agricultural productivity and culture. Bundles of dried maize stalks are often displayed along with pumpkins, gourds and straw in autumnal displays outside homes and businesses. A well-known example of architectural use is the Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota, which uses cobs and ears of colored maize to implement a mural design that is recycled annually. Another well-known example is the Field of Corn sculpture in Dublin, Ohio, where hundreds of concrete ears of corn stand in a grassy field. [176] In 2005, research by the USDA Forest Service suggested that the rise in maize cultivation 500 to 1,000 years ago in what is now the southeastern United States corresponded with a decline of freshwater mussels, which are very sensitive to environmental changes. [120] Cultivation Planting Seedlings three weeks after sowing Young stalks This system has been replaced (though not entirely displaced) over the last 60 years by multivariable classifications based on ever more data. Agronomic data were supplemented by botanical traits for a robust initial classification, then genetic, cytological, protein and DNA evidence was added. Now, the categories are forms (little used), races, racial complexes, and recently branches. [ citation needed] Maize is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage as a common name because it refers specifically to this one grain, unlike corn, which has a complex variety of meanings that vary by context and geographic region. [36] Maize flowers may sometimes exhibit mutations that lead to the formation of female flowers in the tassel. These mutations, ts4 and Ts6, prohibit the development of the stamen while simultaneously promoting pistil development. [78] This may cause inflorescences containing both male and female flowers, or hermaphrodite flowers. [79]a b c Benz, B. F. (2001). "Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (4): 2104–2106. Bibcode: 2001PNAS...98.2104B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104. PMC 29389. PMID 11172083. In 2016, maize production was forecast to be over 380 million metric tons (15 billion bushels), an increase of 11% over 2014 American production. [132] Based on conditions as of August 2016, the expected yield would be the highest ever for the United States. [132] The area of harvested maize was forecast to be 35million hectares (87million acres), an increase of 7% over 2015. [132] Maize is especially popular in Midwestern states such as Indiana, Iowa, and Illinois; in the latter, it was named the state's official grain in 2017. [133] Elongated mesocotyl1, a phytochrome-deficient mutant of maize". Brutnell Lab. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013 . Retrieved December 7, 2013.

Maize was introduced into the diet of non-indigenous Americans without the necessary cultural knowledge historically acquired in the Americas. In the late 19th century, pellagra reached epidemic proportions in parts of the southern US, as medical researchers debated two theories for its origin: the deficiency theory (which was eventually shown to be true) said that pellagra was due to a deficiency of some nutrient, and the germ theory said that pellagra was caused by a germ transmitted by stable flies. Another theory promoted by the eugenicist Charles Davenport held that people only contracted pellagra if they were susceptible to it due to certain "constitutional, inheritable" traits of the affected individual. [171] Additionally, feed corn is sometimes used by hunters to bait animals such as deer or wild hogs. [ citation needed] United States usage breakdown

Maize Food Quality and Genetic Diversity

Corn may contain a fair amount of several vitamins and minerals. Notably, the amount is highly variable depending on the corn type. The susceptibility of maize to the European corn borer and corn rootworms, and the resulting large crop losses which are estimated at a billion dollars worldwide for each pest, [139] [140] [141] led to the development of transgenics expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin. "Bt maize" is widely grown in the United States and has been approved for release in Europe. Smith, C. Wayne; Betrán, Javier; Runge, Edward C. A. (March 8, 2004). Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-41184-0. International groups such as the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International also consider maize the preferred common name. [45] The word maize is used by agricultural bodies and research institutes such as the UN's FAO, [46] the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center based out of Mexico, and the Indian Institute of Maize Research. [47] National agricultural and industry associations often include the word maize in their name such as the Maize Association of Australia, [48] and the National Maize Association of Nigeria. [49]

Dolores Piperno, The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments [14] Maize is an annual grass in the family Gramineae, which includes such plants as wheat, rye, barley, rice, sorghum, and sugarcane. There are two major species of the genus Zea (out of six total): Z. mays (maize) and Z. diploperennis, which is a perennial type of teosinte. The annual teosinte variety called Z. m. mexicana is the closest botanical relative to maize. It still grows in the wild as an annual in Mexico and Guatemala. [80]

Author Contributions

Matsuoka, Yoshihiro (January 22, 2003). "Earliest Directional Evolution for Microsatellite Size in Maize" (PDF). Science . Retrieved March 3, 2014.

Maize is used as a fish bait, called "dough balls". It is particularly popular in Europe for coarse fishing. [ citation needed] Lee, E.A.; Harper, V (2002). "Suppressor of Pericarp Pigmentation 1 (SPP1), a novel gene involved in phlobaphene accumulation in maize ( Zea mays L.) pericarps". Maydica. 47 (1): 51–58. INIST 13772300. a b c d e Ostrý, Vladimír; Malíř, František; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, Annie (2015). "Comparative data concerning aflatoxin contents in Bt maize and non-Bt isogenic maize in relation to human and animal health – a review". Acta Veterinaria Brno. 84 (1): 47–53. doi: 10.2754/avb201585010047. Maize pollen dated to 7,300 B.P. from San Andres, Tabasco, on the Caribbean coast has also been recovered. [114] Jaina Island ceramic statuette of the young Maya Maize God emerging from an ear of corn, 600–900 A.D. Maize is a diploid with 20 chromosomes (n=10). The combined length of the chromosomes is 1500 cM. Some of the maize chromosomes have what are known as "chromosomal knobs": highly repetitive heterochromatic domains that stain darkly. Individual knobs are polymorphic among strains of both maize and teosinte. [ citation needed] A 2012 study found that 83% of allelic variation within the genome derives from its teosinte ancestors, primarily due to the freedom of Zeas to outcross. [81]

a b c James, Clive (2016). "Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2016 – ISAAA Brief 52-2016". ISAAA. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017 . Retrieved August 26, 2017. An 2002 study by Matsuoka et al.. has demonstrated that, rather than the multiple independent domestications model, all maize arose from a single domestication in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. The study also demonstrated that the oldest surviving maize types are those of the Mexican highlands. Later, maize spread from this region over the Americas along two major paths. This is consistent with a model based on the archaeological record suggesting that maize diversified in the highlands of Mexico before spreading to the lowlands. [15] [16] Solaimalai, A.; Anantharaju, P.; Irulandi, S.; Theradimani, M. (May 10, 2020). Maize Crop: Improvement, Production, Protection and Post Harvest Technology. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-000-17695-7. Heuzé V., Tran G., Edouard N., Lebas F., 2017. Maize silage. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/13883 Last updated on June 22, 2017, 14:24 Foley, Jonathon. "It's Time to Rethink America's Corn System". Scientific American . Retrieved February 18, 2019.