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VIVO Clamp and 12 inch Rail Set for DIY Custom Wooden Keyboard Trays (Tray Not Included), Under Desk Pull Out Slider Track with Extra Sturdy C-clamp Mount System, Black, MOUNT-RAIL02

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Spira ME, Hai A. Multi-electrode array technologies for neuroscience and cardiology. Nat Nanotechnol. 2013;8:83–94.

González-Rueda, A.; Pedrosa, V.; Feord, R.C.; Clopath, C.; Paulsen, O. Activity-Dependent Downscaling of Subthreshold Synaptic Inputs during Slow-Wave-Sleep-like Activity In Vivo. Neuron 2018, 97, 1244–1252.e5. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]

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Frantz, C.; Stewart, K.M.; Weaver, V.M. The extracellular matrix at a glance. J. Cell Sci. 2010, 123, 4195–4200. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Haider, B.; Häusser, M.; Carandini, M. Inhibition dominates sensory responses in the awake cortex. Nature 2013, 493, 97–100. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Bell DC, Dallas ML. Using automated patch clamp electrophysiology platforms in pain-related ion channel research: insights from industry and academia. Brit J Pharmacol. 2018;175:2312–21. Osakada, F.; Mori, T.; Cetin, A.H.; Marshel, J.H.; Virgen, B.; Callaway, E.M. New Rabies Virus Variants for Monitoring and Manipulating Activity and Gene Expression in Defined Neural Circuits. Neuron 2011, 71, 617–631. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version]

Adamantidis, A.R.; Zhang, F.; de Lecea, L.; Deisseroth, K. Optogenetics: Opsins and Optical Interfaces in Neuroscience. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2014, 2014, pdb–top083329. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Jin, X.-H.; Wang, H.-W.; Zhang, X.-Y.; Chu, C.-P.; Jin, Y.-Z.; Cui, S.-B.; Qiu, D.-L. Mechanisms of Spontaneous Climbing Fiber Discharge-Evoked Pauses and Output Modulation of Cerebellar Purkinje Cell in Mice. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2017, 11. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]Jouhanneau, J.-S.; Ferrarese, L.; Estebanez, L.; Audette, N.J.; Brecht, M.; Barth, A.L.; Poulet, J.F.A. Cortical fosGFP Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory Neurons Targeted by POm. Neuron 2014, 84, 1065–1078. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] van Welie, I.; Roth, A.; Ho, S.S.N.; Komai, S.; Häusser, M. Conditional Spike Transmission Mediated by Electrical Coupling Ensures Millisecond Precision-Correlated Activity among Interneurons In Vivo. Neuron 2016, 90, 810–823. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]

Fu TM, Duan X, Jiang Z, Dai X, Xie P, Cheng Z, Lieber CM. Sub-10-nm intracellular bioelectronic probes from nanowire-nanotube heterostructures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:1259–64. Lou, S.; Adam, Y.; Weinstein, E.N.; Williams, E.; Williams, K.; Parot, V.; Kavokine, N.; Liberles, S.; Madisen, L.; Zeng, H.; et al. Genetically Targeted All-Optical Electrophysiology with a Transgenic Cre-Dependent Optopatch Mouse. J. Neurosci. 2016, 36, 11059–11073. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]Hahn, T.T.G.; Sakmann, B.; Mehta, M.R. Differential responses of hippocampal subfields to cortical up-down states. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104, 5169–5174. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version]

Hong G, Viveros RD, Zwang TJ, Yang X, Lieber CM. Tissue-like neural probes for understanding and modulating the brain. Biochemistry. 2018;57:3995–4004. Over the past few decades, several new intracellular recording techniques based on the development of nanofabrication and nanopatterning have been proposed, and these techniques have achieved success compared to conventional techniques at various levels. These approaches can be classified into three major groups according to the principles behind their recordings, which are the nanoelectrodes exchanging ions with the cytoplasm, the nanoscale FETs with a specific detection area, and the extracellular recording electrodes that output attenuated intracellular-like signals. Nanoelectrodes obtain intracellular access by directly penetrating the cell or electroporation and optoporation. The reduced disruption of the cell physiology by nanoelectrodes is attributed to the small electrode tip size, but the design of smaller electrodes faces compromises between the signal quality and reduced electrode size. The performance of nanowire FETs is not limited by the impedance, thus achieving significant advantages in long-term recording and parallelization. However, the fabrication of this device is complex and costly, and the reagent delivery and stimulation activation functions are limited. The extracellular recording electrode maintains the completeness of the cell membrane and simultaneously can obtain attenuated intracellular signals by forming a tight seal with the cell. This is an interesting and promising strategy, especially for those cases in which the cellular physiological status must be protected, such as recordings that last for days and weeks. However, the signals obtained by this technique were weakened, and the technique is therefore not suitable for studies during which the amplitude frequently changes because of the reduced precision. The design of 3D structures of the nanoelectrode arrays attracts much attention, attempting to make new recording devices ultra-flexible and biofriendly [ 58]. These devices are expected to be easy to implant and be friendly to the nervous system, avoiding the potential immune reaction to the utmost extent [ 59]. Based on the discussion above, all these approaches have achieved various advances over the conventional patch-clamp technique, representing new developments in recording methods for transmembrane potential measurement.

Acknowledgments

Rich, P.D.; Liaw, H.-P.; Lee, A.K. Large environments reveal the statistical structure governing hippocampal representations. Science 2014, 345, 814–817. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

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