Northern England - Michelin Regional Map 502: Map (Michelin Regional Maps, 502)

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a b c Hopkins, Alan (2008). "Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile: United Kingdom". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 12 March 2017. Oksanen, Eljas (13 September 2012). Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066–1216. Cambridge University Press. pp.183–184. ISBN 978-1-139-57650-5. Map of the North of England - see a map of Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle and the north of England.

Perry, Philip (2009). "Introduction". Philip Perry's Sketch of the Ancient British History: A Critical Edition. Cambridge Scholars. p.8. ISBN 978-1-4438-0470-7. Wilson, J. F., Webster, A. and Vorberg-Rugh, R. (2013) "Building Co-operation: A business history of The Co-operative Group", Oxford University Press, Oxford What is the Northumbrian Language Society?". The Northumbrian Language Society. 2013. Archived from the original on 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017. The Met Office climate region "England N" is defined as the whole of England north of the 53°N parallel, approximately from Stoke-on-Trent to the Wash, and also includes the Isle of Man. [39]a b c Kortmann, Bernd; Upton, Clive (2008). The British Isles. Walter de Gruyter. p.122. ISBN 978-3-11-020839-9. The first Trades Union Congress was held in Manchester in 1868, [286] and as of 2015 trade union membership in Northern England remained higher than in Southern England, although it is lower than in the other Home Nations. [287] Since the Thatcher era, the Conservative Party struggled to gain support in the area. [19] [118] [288] Today, Northern England is generally described as a stronghold of the Labour Party – although the Conservatives hold some rural seats, they traditionally held almost no urban seats and as of the 2021 local elections there are no Conservative councillors on Liverpool City Council, Manchester City Council or Newcastle City Council, and only one on Sheffield City Council. [19] During the 2019 general election, many traditionally Labour constituencies in Northern England swung heavily towards the Conservatives, and the collapse of the " red wall" of Northern Labour seats was a major factor in the Conservative victory. [289] Historically the region was also a heartland for the Liberals, and between the 1980s and the 2010s their successors in the Liberal Democrats benefited from Conservative unpopularity by positioning themselves as the centrist alternative to Labour in the North. [290] [291] a b c d Bounds, Andrew (15 March 2016). "North of England tech hubs grow in strength". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 . Retrieved 12 March 2017. Watson, Bob (15 February 2017). "HI00 Regional labour market: Headline LFS indicators for all regions". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 12 March 2017. Transport in the North has been shaped by the Pennines, creating strong north–south axes along each coast and an east–west axis across the moorland passes of the southern Pennines. [329] Northern England is a centre of freight transport and handles around one third of all British cargo. [330] Both passenger and freight links between Northern cities remain poor, which is a major weakness of the Northern economy. [331]

Country of birth". NOMIS. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017. Is JB Priestley to blame for grim up north stereotype?". BBC News. 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2021.Analysis by The Northern Way in 2006 found that 90% of the population of the North lived in and around: Liverpool, Central Lancashire, Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds, Hull and Humber Ports, Tees Valley and Tyne and Wear. [30] At the 2011 census, 86% of the Northern population lived in urban areas as defined by the Office for National Statistics, compared to 82% for England as a whole. [31] Natural resources [ edit ] The decline of coal mining and manufacturing in Northern England has led to comparisons with the Rust Belt in the United States. [157] To stimulate the Northern economy, the government has organised a series of programmes to invest in and develop the region, of which the latest as of 2017 is the Northern Powerhouse. The North has also been a significant recipient of European Union Structural Funds. Between 2007 and 2013, EU funds created around 70,000 jobs in the region, and the majority of Northern Powerhouse funding comes from the European Regional Development Fund and the European Investment Bank. [158] The loss of these funds following Brexit, combined with potential reductions in exports to the EU, has been identified as a threat to Northern growth. [159] [160] Public sector [ edit ] a b Olatunde, Olugbenga (4 November 2015). "Life Expectancy at Birth and at Age 65 by Local Areas in England and Wales: 2012 to 2014". Office of National Statistics. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 14 March 2017. a b Jupp, James (2001). "Immigration from Northern England". The Australian People. Cambridge University Press. p.300. ISBN 978-0-521-80789-0.

The pronouns thou and thee survive in some Northern English dialects, although these are dying out outside very rural areas, and many dialects have an informal second-person plural pronoun: either ye (common in the North East) or yous (common in areas with historical Irish communities). [49] Many dialects use me as a possessive ("me car") and some treat us likewise ("us cars") or use the alternative wor ("wor cars"). Possessive pronouns are also used to mark the names of relatives in speech (for example, a relative called Joan would be referred to as "our Joan" in conversation). [50] Lane, Megan (9 March 2011). "What is the UK's national vegetable?". Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 12 March 2017. Generally speaking, the North is a grouping of three statistical regions: the North East, the North West, and Yorkshire and the Humber. These had a combined population of 14.9 million at the 2011 census, an area of 37,331km 2 (14,414 square miles) and 17 cities. [ citation needed]Kreps, David (11 May 2017). "Ten ways Manchester is set to become one of the world's top "digital cities" ". Archived from the original on 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017.

Evans, Eric (2014). The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870. Routledge. p.395. ISBN 978-1-317-87371-6. Jupp, Alan (27 October 2015). "Who are the north west's biggest businesses?". Manchester Evening News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017.Cannon, R. D. (1971). "The Bagpipe in Northern England". Folk Music Journal. 2 (2): 127–147. JSTOR 4521880.