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Webb, Margaret E.; Little, Daniel R.; Cropper, Simon J. (2016). "Insight Is Not in the Problem: Investigating Insight in Problem Solving across Task Types". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 1424. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01424. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5035735. PMID 27725805. Although there are cultural differences in the importance we attribute to insight as a source of creative output ( Rudowicz and Yue, 2000; Niu and Sternberg, 2006; Shao et al., 2019), the traditional description of the stages of the creative process is very similar in European psychology (four stage model by Wallas, 1926) and Eastern philosophy (Yoga Sutras; Maduro, 1976; Shao et al., 2019). Insight itself also has an important bearing in Eastern cultures. For example, in Theravada Buddhism, the goal of vipassana meditation is to reach a sudden understanding, abhisamaya (insight), which contrasts with gradually attained understanding (anapurva). Both the description of the phenomenon and the way in which it is achieved, fit with the popular Western notion of insight ( Laukkonen and Slagter, 2021).

Weiten, W.; McCann, D. (2007). Themes and Variations. Nelson Education ltd: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0176472733. Even the “aha” moment itself might be accessible to study in non-verbal subjects, given the expected physiological emotional response that follows it. We know that many animals show an emotional response while learning how to solve tasks (independent from the presence of a reward; e.g., cows, Hagen and Broom, 2004; goats, Langbein et al., 2004; horses, Mengoli et al., 2014; dogs, McGowan et al., 2014; dolphins, Clark et al., 2013). Studying insight through the presentation of a solution would thus require both a behavioral analysis (as in traditional contrafreeloading tests or yoked experimental designs; e.g., Hagen and Broom, 2004; Rosenberger et al., 2020) as well as a physiological one. Artificially altering the transparency of the path toward the solution, and altering the time spent at an apparent impasse, may allow us to predict and modify the intensity of the respective physiological (as it would be an increased heart rate; Hill and Kemp, 2018) and behavioral responses (e.g., in dogs, we would predict pupil dilation, tail wagging, and increased general activity; McGowan et al., 2014; Webb et al., 2019; Salvi et al., 2020). ConclusionInsight is often conceptualized as a process in which a subject has a sudden realization of how to solve a novel problem ( Schooler et al., 1995; Sheth et al., 2009). Thereby specific elements of a subject’s mental representation of various stimuli, situations, or events are reorganized to yield a nonobvious or nondominant interpretation ( Kounios and Beeman, 2014). Insight is associated with a number of characteristic phases that set it apart from other mental processes employed in problem solving, such as a distinctive subjective momentary experience of surprise and delight, the “aha” or “eureka” moment ( Bowden et al., 2005). the act or result of understanding the inner nature of things or of seeing intuitively (called noesis in Greek) Foerder, Preston; Galloway, Marie; Barthel, Tony III; etal. (2011-08-18). "Insightful Problem Solving in an Asian Elephant". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23251. Bibcode: 2011PLoSO...623251F. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023251. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3158079. PMID 21876741. Differences in brain activation in the left and right hemisphere seem to be indicative of insight versus non-insight solutions. [19] Presenting RATs either to the left or right visual field, it was shown that participants having solved the problem with insight were more likely to have been shown the RAT on the left visual field, indicating right hemisphere processing. This provides evidence that the right hemisphere plays a special role in insight. [19] Given the importance of the subjectively perceived components of insight, the phenomenon is certainly easier to study in humans than in non-human animals, both because of the possibility to report verbally (the subject might describe the suddenness of the solution’s appearance and the emotions involved, but also specific difficulties with aspects of the task, and how close the subject believes he or she is to the solution at any given moment) and the methodology (because of test diversity and the relative ease of applying neuroimaging technology).

a b Bowden, Edward M.; Jung-Beeman, Mark (1 September 2003). "Aha! Insight experience correlates with solution activation in the right hemisphere". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 10 (3): 730–737. doi: 10.3758/BF03196539. PMID 14620371.

The main theoretical proposals to explain insight largely differ with regards to the amount of conscious processing they describe involved in an insightful event. For example, approaches, such as the representational change theory (also called the redistribution theory; ( Ohlsson, 1992, 2011; Knoblich et al., 1999), advocate a completely unconscious redistribution of information ( Knoblich et al., 1999; Ohlsson, 2011), whereas the progress monitoring theory (or criterion for satisfactory progress theory; MacGregor et al., 2001; Chu et al., 2007) proposes insight through a conscious process: searching consciously among a pool of possible solutions during which wrongful presumptions are dropped in favor of a working solution. the power of acute observation and deduction, discernment, and perception, called intellection or noesis Wallas, inspired by the ideas of Hermann von Helmholtz and Henri Poincare, proposed four stages of progression for a creative process ( Wallas, 1926). Helmholtz, during a banquet held for his 70th birthday in 1891, revealed how he had reached his best ideas; always after first researching a problem in detail, letting it rest, and seeking a pleasant distraction. This way he was often surprised by a solution in the form of a pleasant experience. Wallas named these stages preparation (investigative stage), incubation (temporally discarding the problem from conscious thought), and illumination (the sudden arrival of a new “happy idea”), to which he added a fourth, the verification of the solution. These four stages have been recurrently used as a framework for studying insight in the psychological literature ( Luo and Niki, 2003; Jung-Beeman et al., 2004; Sandkühler and Bhattacharya, 2008; Weisberg, 2013). Although Wallas’ work covers the creative process in rather broad terms, its relevance to the study of insight is remarkable, due to the close proximity and similarity in conceptualization, measures, and processes ( Shen et al., 2017, 2018).

Generally, methodological approaches to the study of insight in the laboratory involve presenting participants with problems and puzzles that cannot be solved in a conventional or logical manner. [8] Problems of insight commonly fall into three types: [8] Breaking functional fixedness [ edit ] Example of a RAT problem. a b Ovington, Linda A.; Saliba, Anthony J.; Moran, Carmen C.; etal. (2015-11-01). "Do People Really Have Insights in the Shower? The When, Where and Who of the Aha! Moment". The Journal of Creative Behavior. 52: 21–34. doi: 10.1002/jocb.126. ISSN 2162-6057.Groups typically perform better on insight problems (in the form of rebus puzzles with either helpful or unhelpful clues) than individuals. [21] Example of a rebus puzzle. Answer: man overboard. An impasse is usually followed by an incubation/restructuring stage, which is suspected to constitute the insight’s core ( Wallas, 1926; Sandkühler and Bhattacharya, 2008; Sio and Ormerod, 2009; Cranford and Moss, 2012; Weisberg, 2013). Although restructuring can of course be done consciously ( Weisberg, 2015), it may also happen at a time during which a subject consciously withdraws from the problem at hand ( van Steenburgh et al., 2012; Kounios and Beeman, 2014; Shen et al., 2018). We know that insight-like responses improve when participants take a break after reaching an impasse (or when the task is simply removed from their sight; Kohn and Smith, 2009), regardless of the duration of the break, and particularly when the break is occupied with a different, cognitively demanding task; Segal, 2004). Insight is the understanding of a specific cause and effect within a particular context. [ citation needed] The term insight can have several related meanings: According to the three-process theory, intelligence plays a large role in insight. [29] Specifically, insight involves three processes that require intelligence to apply them to problems: [29] selective encoding focusing attention on ideas relevant to a solution, while ignoring features that are irrelevant selective combination combining the information previously deemed relevant selective comparison the use of past experience with problems and solutions that are applicable to the current problem and solution Four-stage model [ edit ]