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The main polymeric constituents of wood (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were determined through a fiber analysis based on the Van Soest gravimetric method using α-amylase [ 34]. From each sample unit, 0.5 g of dry wood of homogenous particle size (through a mesh 60/40, 0.274/0.516 mm) was taken and then introduced into ANKOM filter bags and submitted to the sequential digestions indicated by the method using an ANKOM-200 fiber analyzer [ 23, 35]. The estimated parameters were neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin insoluble in sulfuric acid at 72 %, 1 N (IL). The chemical composition analyses were performed three times for each sample. The proportion of hemicellulose was calculated as the subtraction of ADF from NDF (NDF-ADF), the proportion of cellulose as the subtraction of IL from ADF (ADF-IL), and for IL, an ash correction was applied, as the method indicates. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis
The collection of wood samples from Abies religiosa trees was carried out along a 500-m-long AG in August 2014. The gradient was divided into six altitudinal levels with a distance of 100 m from each other (3500, 3400, 3300, 3200, 3100 and 3000 masl). At each of these levels, wood samples from six trees were collected at a trunk height of 1.3 m. A total of 36 trees were sampled.Stewart CE, Moturi P, Follett RF, Halvorson AD (2015) Lignin biochemistry and soil N determine crop residue decomposition and soil priming. Biogeochemistry 124:335–351 In calculating the contribution of hydropower and wind power for the purposes of this Directive, the effects of climatic variation should be smoothed through the use of a normalisation rule. Further, electricity produced in pumped storage units from water that has previously been pumped uphill should not be considered to be renewable electricity. Empowering jointly acting renewables self-consumers also provides opportunities for renewable energy communities to advance energy efficiency at household level and helps fight energy poverty through reduced consumption and lower supply tariffs. Member States should take appropriate advantage of that opportunity by, inter alia, assessing the possibility to enable participation by households that might otherwise not be able to participate, including vulnerable consumers and tenants. Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Strauss J, Ertan H, Siddiqu KS (2016) Lignocellulosic biomass: biosynthesis, degradation, and industrial utilization. Eng Life Sci 16:1–16
Increasing population and industrialization are continuously oppressing the existing energy resources and depleting the global fuel reservoirs. The elevated pollutions from the continuous consumption of non-renewable fossil fuels also seriously contaminating the surrounding environment. The use of alternate energy sources can be an environment-friendly solution to cope these challenges. Among the renewable energy sources biofuels (biomass-derived fuels) can serve as a better alternative to reduce the reliance on non-renewable fossil fuels. Bioethanol is one of the most widely consumed biofuels of today's world. Geothermal energy is an important local renewable energy source which usually has considerably lower emissions than fossil fuels, and certain types of geothermal plants produce near-zero emission. However, depending on the geological characteristics of an area, the production of geothermal energy may release greenhouse gases and other substances from underground fluids, and other subsoil geological formations, which are harmful for health and the environment. The Commission should therefore facilitate only the deployment of geothermal energy with a low environmental impact and resulting in greenhouse gas emissions savings compared to non-renewable sources. Member States should avoid distortive situations resulting in the extensive importation of resources from third countries. A life-cycle approach should be considered and promoted in that respect.
La valorisation s’effectue par voie sèche, par une conversion thermochimique, soit par une combustion, soit par un procédé de pyrolyse ou soit par un procédé de gazéification. Renewable energy sources represent the potential fuel alternatives to overcome the global energy crises in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. In future, biofuels may replenish the conventional non-renewable energy resources due to their renewability and several other advantages. Lignocellulosic biomass offers the most economical biomass to generate biofuels. However, extensive research is required for the commercial production of an efficient integrated biotransformation process for the production of lignocellulose mediated biofuels. Hoch G (2007) Cell wall hemicelluloses as mobile carbon stores in non-reproductive plant tissues. Funct Ecol 21:823–834 In addition to establishing a Union framework for the promotion of energy from renewable sources, this Directive also contributes to the potential positive impact which the Union and the Member States can have in boosting the development of the renewable energy sector in third countries. The Union and the Member States should promote research, development and investment in the production of renewable energy in developing and other partner countries while fully respecting international law, thereby strengthening their environmental and economic sustainability and their export capacity of renewable energy. The Commission should facilitate the exchange of best practices between the competent national or regional authorities or bodies, for instance through regular meetings, to find a common approach to promote a higher uptake of cost-efficient renewable energy projects. The Commission should also encourage investments in new, flexible and clean technologies, and establish an adequate strategy to manage the retirement of technologies which do not contribute to the reduction of emissions or deliver sufficient flexibility, based on transparent criteria and reliable market price signals.
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