Simply Psychology (DK Simply)

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Biological psychology states that all behavior has a physical/organic cause. They emphasize the role of nature over nurture. For example, chromosomes and hormones (testosterone) influence our behavior, too, in addition to the environment. There are two primary components of OCD: obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are unwanted and persistent thoughts, images, sensations, or urges that cause anxiety or distress. It, therefore, looks at human behavior as influenced by other people and the conditions under which social behavior and feelings occur. Behavior Can be Predicted and Understood: An underlying assumption of any science, including social psychology, is that phenomena (in this case, human behavior in social contexts) can be studied, understood, predicted, and potentially influenced.

Baumrind (1964) criticized the ethics of Milgram’s research as participants were prevented from giving their informed consent to take part in the study. When you perform a statistical test, a p-value helps you determine the significance of your results in relation to the null hypothesis. Cognitive psychology states that mediational processes occur between stimulus and response, such as memory, thinking, problem-solving, etc. While social psychology often looks at broad trends and general behaviors, it can sometimes gloss over individual differences.Be aware that the number of independent variables you include in your analysis can influence the magnitude of the test statistic needed to produce the same p-value. The underlying assumption is that to some degree the laws of behavior are the same for all species and that therefore knowledge gained by studying rats, dogs, cats and other animals can be generalized to humans. Aristotle believed that humans were naturally sociable, a necessity that allows us to live together (an individual-centered approach), whilst Plato felt that the state controlled the individual and encouraged social responsibility through social context (a socio-centered approach). Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. Example: Statistical Significance Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness.”

Milgram’s selective reporting biased interpretations of his findings. His failure to publish all his experiments raises issues around researchers’ ethical obligation to completely and responsibly report their results, not just those fitting their expectations. Unreported analysis of participants’ skepticism and its impact on their behavior: Suppose you’re conducting a study to determine whether a new drug has an effect on pain relief compared to a placebo.Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York: Appleton-Century. Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371. Participants were exposed to extremely stressful situations that may have the potential to cause psychological harm. Many of the participants were visibly distressed (Baumrind, 1964). Aggression: From understanding the underlying causes of aggressive behavior to studying societal factors that exacerbate or mitigate aggression, this topic seeks to dissect the nature of hostile actions.

Ivan Pavlov showed that dogs could be classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented while they were given food. At no point,” Milgram (1964) stated, “were subjects exposed to danger and at no point did they run the risk of injurious effects resulting from participation” (p. 849).

Educational Implications

The implications of classical conditioning in the classroom are less important than those of operant conditioning, but there is still a need for teachers to try to make sure that students associate positive emotional experiences with learning.