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Oak mildew is among several foliage diseases of smaller significance for European chestnut growing. It infects the most trees ( Microsphaera alphitoides). Younger trees suffer most; their shoots become short-jointed, growth is delayed, and they develop sensitivity to frostbite. In older trees, the fungus usually infects only the tip of the shoots. The pathogens hibernate in the shoots and infect the leaves from there. The fungus grows on the top of the leaves, with the appearance of a coating only in midsummer. The infected leaves' development slows down or stops, the distance between their vessels shrinks, and the vessels themselves become curly. [85] Les débuts de l'agriculture en France: Les défrichements. By Guy Jalut. 1976. In La Préhistoire Française, Vol. 2: 180–5. Paris. Cited in The Cambridge World History of Food – Chestnuts, edited by Kenneth F. Kipple and Kriemhild Connee Ornelas. The unrelated horse chestnuts (genus Aesculus) are not true chestnuts, but are named for producing nuts of similar appearance that are mildly poisonous to humans. True chestnuts should also not be confused with water chestnuts, which are tubers of an aquatic herbaceous plant in the sedge family Cyperaceae. [4] [5] Chestnuts behave similarly to seeds in that they produce very little ethylene, and their respiration rate is low, varying between 5 and 20mg/(kg·h) depending on the temperature. [11] Pests [ edit ] Mammals and birds [ edit ]
Flower remedies are natural, safe and gentle. They are made from spring water, brandy and the flower essences of each individual flower whereby the energy of the flower is transferred via water. There are no side effects and they can be taken alongside existing medication. If in any doubt, content your medical practitioner or GP. How do you take flower remedies? Phytophthora disease is the longest-known chestnut tree disease leading to tree death. Of the two main pathogens for this disease, the one in European chestnuts is known since 1971 to be Phytophthora cambivora. Phytophthora cinnamomi was discovered in chestnut trees in the United States in 1932. Both trigger similar symptoms. Since then, it has also been shown to occur in most European chestnut-growing countries. Differentiating between the two pathogens is difficult. Chemicals seem of little effectiveness. Many countries impose strict prophylactic rules to prevent the spread of the disease. [85] a b Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette (2000). "Chestnuts". Cambridge World History of Food. 1: 359–364. doi: 10.1017/CHOL9780521402149.036. ISBN 9781139058636. Archived from the original on 2015-06-20. Richardson, A.; Young, G. (2014). The Wisdom of the Chinese Kitchen: Classic Family Recipes for Celebration and Healing. Simon & Schuster. pp.134–135. ISBN 978-1-4391-4256-1.
Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. By W. G. Sheat. MacMillan and Co 1948. Cited in Plants For A Future. Schäffer, Albert (2012-05-21). "120 Minuten sind nicht genug"[120 minutes aren't enough]. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German) . Retrie
a b Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. By W.J. Bean. 8th ed., vol. 1. John Murray. 1976. ISBN 0-7195-1790-7. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Further Reading
Antoine Parmentier. Traité de la châtaigne. 1780. Bastia, Corsica. Cited in The Cambridge World History of Food – Chestnuts, edited by Kenneth F. Kipple and Kriemhild Connee Ornelas. The most common types of chestnut trees are the sweet chestnut, American chestnut, Japanese chestnut, dwarf chestnut, and Chinese chestnut. The lesser-known chestnut trees include Henry’s chestnut, Ozark chinkapin, and the hybrid trees: Dunstan chestnut and the chinknut.
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