Desert Jungle

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One theory for the formation of the Sahara is that the monsoon in Northern Africa was weakened because of glaciation during the Quaternary period, starting two or three million years ago. Another theory is that the monsoon was weakened when the ancient Tethys Sea dried up during the Tortonian period around 7 million years ago. [28] Cormier, L. (April 16, 2006). "A Preliminary Review of Neotropical Primates in the Subsistence and Symbolism of Indigenous Lowland South American Peoples". Ecological and Environmental Anthropology. 2 (1): 14–32. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008 . Retrieved September 4, 2008. a b c Houérou, Henry N. (10 December 2008). Bioclimatology and Biogeography of Africa. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-85192-9. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023 . Retrieved 20 November 2020.

Humidity—water vapor in the air—is near zero in most deserts. Light rains often evaporate in the dry air, never reaching the ground. Rainstorms sometimes come as violent cloudbursts. A cloudburst may bring as much as 25 centimeters (10 inches) of rain in a single hour—the only rain the desert gets all year. Sheil, D.; Wunder, S. (2002). "The value of tropical forest to local communities: complications, caveats, and cautions" (PDF). Conservation Ecology. 6 (2): 9. doi: 10.5751/ES-00458-060209. hdl: 10535/2768. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2021 . Retrieved September 25, 2019. The Sahara ( / s ə ˈ h ɑːr ə/, / s ə ˈ h ær ə/) is a desert spanning North Africa. With an area of 9,200,000 square kilometres (3,600,000sqmi), it is the largest hot desert in the world and the third-largest desert overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and the northern Arctic. [1] [2] [3] Piranha 'less deadly than feared' ". BBC News. July 2, 2007. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007 . Retrieved July 2, 2007. Tuareg people in Mali rebelled several times during the 20th century before finally forcing the Malian armed forces to withdraw below the line demarcating Azawad from southern Mali during the 2012 rebellion. [106] Islamist rebels in the Sahara calling themselves al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb have stepped up their violence in recent years. [107]

What exactly is a jungle?

Wade, Lizzie (2015). "Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places". Science News. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa7864. The Atacama Desert, on the Pacific shores of Chile, is a coastal desert. Some areas of the Atacama are often covered by fog. But the region can go decades without rainfall. In fact, the Atacama Desert is the driest place on Earth. Some weather stations in the Atacama have never recorded a drop of rain. Other desert plants have very deep roots. The roots of a mesquite tree, for example, can reach water more than 30 meters (100 feet) underground. Rain shadowdeserts exist near the leeward slopes of some mountain ranges. Leeward slopes face away from prevailing winds.

Other hot spots in Algeria such as Adrar, Timimoun, In Salah, Ouallene, Aoulef, Reggane with an elevation between 200 and 400 metres (660 and 1,310ft) above sea level get slightly lower summer average highs, around 46°C (114.8°F) during the hottest months of the year. Salah, well known in Algeria for its extreme heat, has average high temperatures of 43.8°C (110.8°F), 46.4°C (115.5°F), 45.5°C (113.9°F) and 41.9°C (107.4°F) in June, July, August and September respectively. There are even hotter spots in the Sahara, but they are located in extremely remote areas, especially in the Azalai, lying in northern Mali. The major part of the desert experiences around three to five months when the average high strictly [ clarification needed] exceeds 40°C (104°F); while in the southern central part of the desert, there are up to six or seven months when the average high temperature strictly [ clarification needed] exceeds 40°C (104°F). Some examples of this are Bilma, Niger and Faya-Largeau, Chad. The annual average daily temperature exceeds 20°C (68°F) everywhere and can approach 30°C (86°F) in the hottest regions year-round. However, most of the desert has a value in excess of 25°C (77°F). In the West Saharan montane xeric woodlands, several volcanic highlands provide a cooler, moister environment that supports Saharo-Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands. The ecoregion covers 258,100 square kilometres (99,650sqmi), mostly in the Tassili n'Ajjer of Algeria, with smaller enclaves in the Aïr of Niger, the Adrar Plateau of Mauritania, and the Adrar des Iforas of Mali and Algeria. [47] Adams, Jonathan. "Africa during the last 150,000 years". Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 1 May 2006. The Atlantic coastal desert is a narrow strip along the Atlantic coast where fog generated offshore by the cool Canary Current provides sufficient moisture to sustain a variety of lichens, succulents, and shrubs. It covers an area of 39,900 square kilometers (15,400sqmi) in the south of Morocco and Mauritania. [44] Human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization.al-Ba'labakkī, Rūḥī (2002). al-Mawrid: Qāmūs 'Arabī-Inklīzī (in Arabic) (16thed.). Beirut: Dār al-'Ilm lil-Malāyīn. p.689. Griffiths, John F.; Driscoll, Dennis M. (1982). Survey of Climatology. C.E. Merrill Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-675-09994-3. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023 . Retrieved 25 August 2020.

Further information: History of Western Sahara Azalai salt caravan. The French reported that the 1906 caravan numbered 20,000 camels. The Munduruku were a warlike tribe that expanded along the Tapajós river and its tributaries and were feared by neighboring tribes. In the early 19th century, the Munduruku were pacified and subjugated by the Brazilians. [11]

Strahler, Arthur N. and Strahler, Alan H. (1987) Modern Physical Geography Third Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-85064-0. p. 347 One evening at sunset, with crimson light pouring over a scene of wind-whipped marram grass and the skeletons of boats, I experienced a moment of dislocation; suddenly I was not in England but in a North American wasteland, some time in an imagined future that felt dreamily familiar, surrounded by the flotsam and jetsam of a collapsed culture. The light; the rusted metal cables; the plants like disfigured cabbages; the presence of the power stations with their blinking lights; the landscape’s sheer outlandishness: it was briefly enough to jolt me free from time and place. “Outlandish” comes from the Old English ūtland, which means foreign country, and that was this desert’s uncanny effect. It made my country foreign. Kuplich, Tatiana M. (October 2006). "Classifying regenerating forest stages in Amazônia using remotely sensed images and a neural network". Forest Ecology and Management. 234 (1–3): 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.066. a b Oliver, John E. (23 April 2008). Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023 . Retrieved 20 November 2020. Important cities located in the Sahara include Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania; Tamanrasset, Ouargla, Béchar, Hassi Messaoud, Ghardaïa, and El Oued in Algeria; Timbuktu in Mali; Agadez in Niger; Ghat in Libya; and Faya-Largeau in Chad.

European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from French Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu (1893), Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881). By the beginning of the 20th century, the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means, such as airplanes, rather than across the desert. [102] Sereno PC, Garcea EAA, Jousse H, Stojanowski CM, Saliège J-F, Maga A, etal. (2008). "Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change". PLOS ONE. 3 (8): e2995. Bibcode: 2008PLoSO...3.2995S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002995. PMC 2515196. PMID 18701936. About 1 billion people live in deserts. Many of these people rely on centuries-old customs to make their lives as comfortable as possible

Songdo, South Korea

One thing all deserts have in common is that they are arid, or dry. Most experts agree that a desert is an area of land that receives no more than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a year. The amount of evaporation in a desert often greatly exceeds the annual rainfall. In all deserts, there is little water available for plants and other organisms. While I wanted to venture further than the Gray’s Inn Road, the idea that wonder, mystery, awe, new worlds and undiscovered realms might lie a train ride away, rather than on a carbon-intensive flight to the far side of the globe, opened up possibilities for a different type of travel. What other unlikely landscapes might be lurking out there, ready to snatch the unwary traveller into the outlandish?