The Learning Journey Match It - Head To Tail Puzzle Game For Kids - Helps Interactive Child Development, Problem-Solving and Social Skills - 20 Self-Correcting Puzzle Sets - For 3+ Years

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The head-to-tail method is employed as described above and the resultant is determined (drawn in red). Its magnitude and direction is labeled on the diagram. SCALE: 1 cm = 5 m Using a ruler, measure the length of the resultant and determine its magnitude by converting to real units using the scale (4.4 cm x 20 m/1 cm = 88 m).

Maxwell KL, Davidson AR, Murialdo H, Gold M (2000) Thermodynamic and functional characterization of protein W from bacteriophage lambda. The three C-terminal residues are critical for activity. J Biol Chem 275:18879–18886

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The cephalocaudal principle is the idea that development proceeds from the head down to the tail, or top to bottom. This means that the earliest changes during development will occur in the head and facial areas, and then progress downwards towards the rest of the body. For example, a newborn baby might develop their eyes before their legs. This problem asks to determine the result of adding two displacement vectors that are at right angles to each other. The result (or resultant) of walking 11 km north and 11 km east is a vector directed northeast as shown in the diagram to the right. Since the northward displacement and the eastward displacement are at right angles to each other, the Pythagorean theorem can be used to determine the resultant (i.e., the hypotenuse of the right triangle). All entered vectors and their sum are also plotted on the graph below the results, so you can see the graphical result of the operation, where the vector sum is shown in red. The vector sum is plotted by placing vectors head to tail and drawing the vector from the free tail to the free head (so-called Parallelogram law). Chen DH, Baker ML, Hryc CF, DiMaio F, Jakana J, Wu W, Dougherty M, Haase-Pettingell C, Schmid MF, Jiang W, Baker D, King JA, Chiu W (2011) Structural basis for scaffolding-mediated assembly and maturation of a dsDNA virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:1355–1360 Zhao L, Kanamaru S, Chaidirek C, Arisaka F (2003) P15 and P3, the tail completion proteins of bacteriophage T4, both form hexameric rings. J Bacteriol 185:1693–1700

Head-to-Tail Addition is a Concept Builder that provides learners with an exercise in recognizing the proper vector addition diagram for a given equation. To be successful with the activity, learners will need to understand the basics of constructing a head-to-tail (or tip-to-tail) vector addition diagram. There are 18 total questions organized into nine Question Groups and spread across three levels of difficulty. Each question provides a vector addition equation involving the addition of three vectors. The magnitude and direction of each vector is shown. Learner must toggle through six diagrams and identify the one that is consistent with the given vectors and the given vector addition diagram. The proximodistal principle states that physical and cognitive development proceeds from the center of the body outward, towards the extremities. This concept suggests that development begins with trunk control and progresses to more distal parts, such as arms and legs. Additionally, this principle applies to the development of fine motor skills, such as grasping an object or using a tool. It is thought that this pattern of development allows for greater control and coordination of body movements which in turn aid in learning new skills and tasks. What is the Meaning of Proximodistal? The reviewers are correct: we do not see a decrease in donor fluorescence while observing acceptor fluorescence when determining FRET upon ClpB oligomerization in absence of ATP. A correlation between loss and gain of donor and acceptor fluorescence is observed in presence of ATP and in all cases for the repressed ClpB-E432A variant, which shows stronger motif 1–motif 2 interactions. We cannot provide a straightforward explanation for this difference, which is now stated in the Results section.The middle domains are known to form coiled-coils, with protein helices coiled together like the strands of a rope. However, previous efforts to work out the structure of the ClpB complex did not clearly establish where these coiled-coils were positioned relative to the rest of the ring. The proximodistal trend is a pattern of motor skill development that begins with the core of the body and progresses outward. This refers to the development of skills such as head control, trunk control, shoulder control, and then arm and finger movement. It can be seen in infants as they learn to control teir heads before their shoulders or arms, and then their fingers. In older children and adults, it is seen in sports activities or other physical activities in which skills develop from the core outward. For example, a tennis player may start by learning how to move their legs correctly before learning how to move their arms and hands for a serve. Importance of Cephalocaudal Development eLife posts the editorial decision letter and author response on a selection of the published articles (subject to the approval of the authors). An edited version of the letter sent to the authors after peer review is shown, indicating the substantive concerns or comments; minor concerns are not usually shown. Reviewers have the opportunity to discuss the decision before the letter is sent (see review process). Similarly, the author response typically shows only responses to the major concerns raised by the reviewers.

In this unit, the task of summing vectors will be extended to more complicated cases in which the vectors are directed in directions other than purely vertical and horizontal directions. For example, a vector directed up and to the right will be added to a vector directed up and to the left. The vector sum will be determined for the more complicated cases shown in the diagrams below. At birth, an infant’s head is typically larger and rounder than the rest of their body. As they grow, their head will continue to grow faster than other parts of their body. This phenomenon occurs due to neurological changes that occur in infancy that help facilitate certain skills. For example, infants may be able to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs due to cephalocaudal development. Chang JT, Schmid MF, Haase-Pettingell C, Weigele PR, King JA, Chiu W (2010) Visualizing the structural changes of bacteriophage Epsilon15 and its Salmonella host during infection. J Mol Biol 402:731–740 For formation of disulfide bridges ClpB cysteine variants were first dialyzed to remove DTT. Cysteine oxidation was achieved by adding 25 μM Cu-Phenanthroline to 4 μM ClpB and incubating the mixture for 1 min at room temperature. Oxidation and disulfide bond formation was stopped by addition of 50 mM iodoacetamide and SDS-sample buffer containing 5 mM EDTA. Crosslink products were analyzed by a non-reducing SDS gradient gel (3–8%). Cardarelli L, Maxwell KL, Davidson AR (2011) Assembly mechanism is the key determinant of the dosage sensitivity of a phage structural protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:10168–10173Orlova EV, Gowen B, Dröge A, Stiege A, Weise F, Lurz R, van Heel M, Tavares P (2003) Structure of a viral DNA gatekeeper at 10 Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. EMBO J 22:1255–1262 Guasch A, Pous J, Ibarra B, Gomis-Rüth FX, Valpuesta JM, Sousa N, Carrascosa JL, Coll M (2002) Detailed architecture of a DNA translocating machine: the high-resolution structure of the bacteriophages phi29 connector particle. J Mol Biol 315:663–676 Trus BL, Newcomb WW, Cheng N, Cardone G, Marekov L, Homa FL, Brown JC, Steven AC (2007) Allosteric signaling and a nuclear exit strategy: binding of UL25/UL17 heterodimers to DNA-Filled HSV-1 capsids. Mol Cell 26:479–489

The AAA+ rings have a central opening of ∼30 Å and therefore are not as compact as in one of the previous models ( Lee et al., 2003, 2007, 2010), but not as expanded as in the other ( Wendler et al., 2007). The Arg-fingers are at the interface between subunits, available to catalyse hydrolysis as expected from mutational studies ( Mogk et al., 2003; Yamasaki et al., 2011; Biter et al., 2012). This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) grants (MOP‐126129, PJT‐152962, and FDN‐167277) to Mike Tyers; a Genome Canada Technology Development Platform Award to Mike Tyers and Pierre Thibault; a Wellcome Principal Research Fellowship (221044) to William C. Earnshaw; a CIHR Postdoctoral Fellowship to Daniel J. St‐Cyr; a Wellcome PhD Studentship (089396) to Florence H. Gohard; and a Canada Research Chair in Systems and Synthetic Biology to Mike Tyers. The authors would like to thank M.‐A. Poupart for insightful discussions regarding peptide and macrocycle synthesis, F. Galaud and S. Plamondon for technical support with peptide synthesis.It has become clear that AAA+ proteins are highly dynamic molecular motors unlikely to exist in a homogeneous structural state. Therefore we generated asymmetric reconstructions of ClpB. Although the resolution of the asymmetric structures is not sufficient to support a detailed mechanistic model, these reconstructions provide the first visualization of the MD conformational flexibility that was inferred from biochemical analysis ( Lee et al., 2003; Haslberger et al., 2007; Oguchi et al., 2012). The asymmetric structures show that the MD orientation varies around the ring occupying the repressed, wild type-like and hyperactive positions described by the symmetrised averages. The variable tilts of MDs observed around the ring suggest that 2 to 4 adjacent subunits are available for DnaK binding in the wild-type vs only 1 in the repressed mutant ( Figure 6B,C). This is consistent with the estimated stoichiometry of 2–5 molecules of DnaK per ClpB hexamer required for activation ( Seyffer et al., 2012; Desantis et al., 2014). It also suggests that at least four subunits must have detached MDs to allow activity, perhaps through movements of the AAA+ domains, in agreement with the number of ClpX subunits that hydrolyze ATP in a coordinated manner to unfold GFP in single molecule experiments ( Sen et al., 2013). Moreover, we calculated an ADP binding stoichiometry of 4 for both wild type and mutants ( Figure 6—figure supplement 3), which indicates that although ATP hydrolysis is strongly affected, detachment of the MD does not change the nucleotide binding.