Jan Sobieski: The King Who Saved Europe

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Berl and his wife went on to live in inter-war Berlin until October 1938 when they were suddenly expelled by the Nazi authorities, returning to Krakowiec whence they were later transported to nearby Jaworów and never heard of again. Salvandy, Histoire de Pologne avant et sous le roi Jean Sobieski (two volumes, new edition, Paris, 1855) a b c Kenneth Meyer Setton (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. American Philosophical Society. pp. 266–269. ISBN 978-0-87169-192-7.

Henry Elliot Malden (2014). Salus Vienna Tua: The great siege of 1683. Soldiershop Publishing. pp.79–. ISBN 978-88-96519-84-4.In the last years of his life, from 1691 until his death in 1696, Sobieski was often seriously ill and had to face quarrels with the nobles and within his own family. His eldest son, James, was bitterly opposed to the queen and the younger princes. All of Sobieski’s sons were interested in succeeding to the throne and tried to obtain help, either from the emperor or from France. The marriage of Sobieski’s daughter Kunegunda to Maximilian II Emanuel, elector of Bavaria (1694), was the only bright spot in these rather gloomy years. In the year 1672, the Polish-Lithuanian Tatars rose up in open rebellion against the Commonwealth. This was the widely remembered Lipka rebellion. Thanks to the efforts of Sobieski, who was held in great esteem by the Tatar soldiers, many of the Lipkas seeking asylum and service in the Ottoman Army returned to his command. Duell im Dunkeln" (in German). 2DF. 6 November 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2006. Thanks be to Heaven, now the Half-Moon Triumphs no longer o're the Cross, And 'twas thrown down from St. Stephen's Steeple in Vienna (whom it had o'retopt so long) immediately on the Defeat: Neither have the Turks any occasion to upbraid us with their Blasphemous Mahometan Proverb. Ye Christians where is Your God? Through personal connections, he became a strong supporter of the French faction in the Polish royal court, represented by Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga. His pro-French allegiance was reinforced in 1665, when he married Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien and was promoted to the rank of Grand Marshal of the Crown. [4] The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1657

On the political front, the Ottoman Empire had been providing military assistance to the Hungarians and non-Catholic minorities in Habsburg-occupied portions of Hungary. There, in the years preceding the siege, widespread unrest had grown into open rebellion against Leopold I's pursuit of Counter-Reformation principles and his desire to suppress Protestantism. In 1681, Protestants and other anti-Habsburg Kuruc forces, led by Imre Thököly, were reinforced with a significant military contingent from the Ottomans, [20] :657 who recognized Thököly as King of " Upper Hungary" (the eastern part of modern-day Slovakia and parts of northeastern Hungary, which he had earlier taken by force from the Habsburgs). This support included explicitly promising the "Kingdom of Vienna" to the Hungarians if it fell into Ottoman hands. Yet before the siege, a state of peace had existed for 20 years between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire as a result of the Peace of Vasvár. The Special Collections Department of the Gdańsk Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences has three accounts describing this event immediately after the military intervention of Jan III Sobieski. Let’s use these sources.Personally, I've become a bit of a bagel snob, after spending a year in Manhattan for grad school and discovering the joys of fresh, chewy bagels. My favorite ones come from the legendary H&H Bagels bakery on the West Side, which I was thrilled to discover are also available from at least one DC deli counter. I still get nostalgic and cave in to those squishy grocery-store bagels from time to time, but they really only taste good as a canvas for cream cheese. Main article: Battle of Vienna Victorious John III Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, equestrian portrait by Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter Brian Glyn Williams (2013). "The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire" (PDF). The Jamestown Foundation. p.24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013.