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Millogo V, Sjaunja KS, Ouédraogo GA, Agenäs S. Raw milk hygiene at farms, processing units and local markets in Burkina Faso. Food Control. 2010;21:1070–4. Pantoja JCF, Reinemann DJ, Ruegg PL. Associations among milk quality indicators in raw bulk milk. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92:4978–87. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2329. The TBC in farm bulk milk varied from 2.91 log cfu/ml (8.18 × 10 2) to 7.55 log cfu/ml (3.56 × 10 7), with a geometric mean of 5.25 log cfu/ml (1.79 × 10 5). CC varied from no coliform growth to 5.21 log cfu/ml (1.6 × 10 5), with a geometric mean of 3.1 log cfu/ml (1.25 × 10 3), while the CPS count varied from 1.26 log cfu/ml (1.8 × 10 1) to 5.02 log cfu/ml (1.1 × 10 5), with a geometric mean of 2.97 log cfu/ml (9.23 × 10 2). Forty (90%) bulk milk samples had coliform growth. TBC was moderately correlated with CC ( r = 0.5) but weakly correlated with CPS (r = 0.1). The correlation between CC and CPS was also weak (r = 0.12). According to the European Commission, the standard limits for raw cow's milk intended for direct human consumption are, < 10 5 cfu/ml, < 10 2 cfu/ml, and < 2 x10 3 for TBC, CC, and S. aureus counts, respectively [ 46, 47]. Accordingly, 66% (n = 33), 88% (n = 44), and 32 (n = 16) of farms had TBC, CC and CPS counts, respectively, that exceeded the acceptable limits. Occurrence and sources of Staphylococcus aureus contamination in bulk milk Hohmann M, Wente N, Zhang Y, Krömker V. Bacterial load of the teat apex skin and associated factors at herd level. Animals. 2020;10:1647.
Visual examination and palpation of the udder prior to putting on the clusters should be part of all milking routines. Mastitis causes udder swelling, reddening, hardness, heat and pain which can often be detected even with a fairly cursory examination. These are the basis of most treatment regimes. There are two options: intramammary antibiotics, the classic mastitis tube and systemic antibiotics given by the intramuscular or subcutaneous route. Gonçalves JL, Kamphuis C, Martins CMMR, Barreiro JR, Tomazi T, Gameiro AH, Hogeveen H, Santos MV dos. Bovine subclinical mastitis reduces milk yield and economic return. Livest Sci. 2018;210:25–32. Fig 3: The main milking plant filter should not be used as a method of mastitis detection Conductivity Milk samples collected from cows with SCC < 100,000/mL and without IMI showed a stable eubiotic bacterial community throughout samplings as evidenced by higher species abundance and species richness estimates, which is commonly observed for milk samples obtained from healthy udders [ 4, 15, 17]. Interestingly, it is possible to observe that samples classified as “H”, IMI positive, and SCC > 100,000/mL are remarkably enriched by Gram-positive genera (i.e., Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Jeotgalicoccus, and Streptococcus), whereas milk samples from healthy quarters display a balance between Gram-positive and Gram-negative taxa. It is worth mentioning that Gram-negative genera such as Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter occur mainly in milk samples collected during the pasture season [ 1]. Although it is difficult to establish whether the low diversity found in milk samples from H-cows is a cause or a consequence of ongoing subclinical mastitis, our results reinforce the association of mastitis with an imbalanced udder microbiota [ 2].Murali A, Bhargava A, Wright ES. IDTAXA: a novel approach for accurate taxonomic classification of microbiome sequences. Microbiome. 2018;6:1–14.
The first is easier than the second. Mild mastitis can often disappear in a few days with no treatment or with massage and hand stripping of the quarter. However the bacteria may still be there. The same process may also occur after antibiotic treatment, particularly short courses with short milk withholds. Getting a visible cure without a complete bacteriological cure may result in an increase in subsequent clinical infections and a permanently raised SCC. Our Skin Milk Udder Cream is also used in Oncology hospitals and clinics across Australia as a moisturising cream for dry and damaged skin following radiation treatment and chemotherapy.Dohoo I, Smith J, Andersen S, Kelton D, Godden S, Workers’Conference MR. Diagnosing intramammary infections: Evaluation of definitions based on a single milk sample. J Dairy Sci 2011;94:250–61.
Garedew L, Melese B, Tesfaye R. Staphylococcus aureus in mastitic crossbreed cows and its associated risk factors in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Ethiop Vet J. 2015;19:107–16. Naing YW, Wai SS, Lin TN, Thu WP, Htun LL, Bawm S, Myaing TT. Bacterial content and associated risk factors influencing the quality of bulk tank milk collected from dairy cattle farms in Mandalay region. Food Sci Nutr. 2019;7:1063–71. The problem with relying on udder examination as the first line of mastitis detection is that udder changes are detectable fairly late in the process, so by the time disease is detected considerable losses have occurred. Later identification also means delayed treatment, which tends to be less effective than early treatment and increases the risk of disease spread The study was conducted in Asella, Arsi zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Asella is located at a latitude and longitude of 7°57ˈN and 39°7ˈE, respectively. Asella is the capital of Arsi zone and is located 175 km southeast of Addis Ababa in a highland plateau region at an elevation of 2430 m above sea level. Asella is categorized as having a subtropical highland climate with an annual mean rainfall and temperature of 1100 mm and 15.47 °C, respectively. The area experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern, with a short rainy season occurring during March and April and a long rainy season extending from June to September [ 35]. Arsi zone, especially Asella area, has a conducive climate for rearing specialized dairy breeds [ 34]. The area was where the first small-scale dairy development was initiated in Ethiopia in collaboration with Swedish government [ 36]. According to the Central Statistical Agency [ 37], Arsi zone has a cattle population of 2,904,201, which is the largest from the zones of the Oromia region. The zone has 692,724 heads of cows and 154,961cross breed cows. Study design and sampling technique
Kuehn JS, Gorden PJ, Munro D, Rong R, Dong Q, Plummer PJ, Wang C, Phillips GJ. Bacterial community profiling of milk samples as a means to understand culture-negative bovine clinical mastitis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e61959.
Asiimwe BB, Baldan R, Trovato A, Cirillo DM. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin resistant strains, isolated from bulk can milk and raw milk products in pastoral communities of South-West Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:1–8. When it comes to fragrance, in the past we tried to keep our products fragrance-free as many of our customers were allergic to them. At the same time, the overall response from our customers is that they prefer our moisturisers with a subtle fragrance. To do this, we had to make sure that the inclusion of any fragrance wasn't going to compromise the gentleness of our formulas. The main concern with most fragrances is that they’re often made with phthalates. Of course, we don’t use these in our formulas because they’re well-known to be irritating to the skin, often causing dryness and itching. Instead, we use a blend of non-irritating, hypoallergenic fragrances that are suitable for even the most sensitive skin. Each part of this fragrance blend is below the EU’s allergy threshold, and we have used it in many of our products for years now without any reactions. The fragrances we use are proprietary blends from a company we work with, so unfortunately, we cannot reveal their exact details. Think of it as our top secret, reaction-free recipe! ISO 4833:2003. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs — horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms — Colony-count technique at 30°C. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2003. Lin H, Peddada SD. Analysis of compositions of microbiomes with bias correction. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1–11.Schreiner DA, Ruegg PL. Relationship between udder and leg hygiene scores and subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 2003;86:3460–5. Jayarao BM, Pillai SR, Sawant AA, Wolfgang DR, Hegde NV. Guidelines for monitoring bulk tank Milk somatic cell and bacterial counts. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87:3561–73. Predictors associated with CPS in univariable linear regression analysis were dairy production system ( P = 0.139), sex of milker ( P = 0.053), milk utensil hygiene ( P = 0.238), cow shade roof type ( P = 0.094), season ( P = 0.2), milk container smoking ( P = 0.214), use of warm water for teat washing ( P = 0.027), and use of hired milker ( P = 0.076). Moossavi S, Azad MB. Origins of human milk microbiota: new evidence and arising questions. Gut Microbes. 2020;12:1667722. Regasa S, Mengistu S, Abraha A. Milk Safety Assessment, Isolation, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Staphylococcus aureus in Selected Dairy Farms of Mukaturi and Sululta Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3063185.
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