The Ultimate Dinosaur Encyclopedia

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Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin, eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-226810-6. LCCN 97023430. OCLC 436848919 . Retrieved October 30, 2019.

When laying eggs, females grow a special type of bone between the hard outer bone and the marrow of their limbs. This medullary bone, which is rich in calcium, is used to make eggshells. A discovery of features in a Tyrannosaurus skeleton provided evidence of medullary bone in extinct dinosaurs and, for the first time, allowed paleontologists to establish the sex of a fossil dinosaur specimen. Further research has found medullary bone in the carnosaur Allosaurus and the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Because the line of dinosaurs that includes Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus diverged from the line that led to Tenontosaurus very early in the evolution of dinosaurs, this suggests that the production of medullary tissue is a general characteristic of all dinosaurs. [190] Fossil interpreted as a nesting oviraptorid Citipati at the American Museum of Natural History. Smaller fossil far right showing inside one of the eggs.Concave articular surface for the fibula of the calcaneum (the top surface of the calcaneum, where it touches the fibula, has a hollow profile) Megaraptora (theropods with large hand claws; either carnosaurs or coelurosaurs, potentially tyrannosauroids) Lhuyd, Edward (1699). Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia[ British figured stones]. London: Ex Officina M.C . Retrieved November 4, 2019. Ceratosauria (generally elaborately horned carnivores that existed from the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods, originally included Coelophysoidea) Main-stream palaeontologists have followed this view for small theropods, but not for larger herbivores. [21] Since we know that the size of a Stegosaur's brain was about the size of a walnut, there is good reason to think its intelligence was limited.

a b c d e f g Weishampel, Dodson & Osmólska 2004, pp.210–231, chpt. 11: "Basal Avialae" by Kevin Padian. The word 'dinosaur' comes from Greek, meaning 'terrible lizard, [ "Dinosaurs - What's in a name?". Children's BBC. 26 October 2001 . Retrieved 2009-10-03. ] and was coined by English biologist Richard Owen in 1842. [ "Richard Owen". Natural History Museum . Retrieved 2009-10-05. ] The following is a simplified list of dinosaur groups based on their evolution. [8] Groups with a dagger (†) next to them don't have any living members. Sarjeant, William A.S., ed. (1995). Vertebrate Fossils and the Evolution of Scientific Concepts: Writings in Tribute to Beverly Halstead, by Some of His Many Friends. ISBN 978-2-88124-996-9. ISSN 0026-7775. LCCN 00500382. OCLC 34672546. {{ cite book}}: |journal= ignored ( help) "Reprint of papers published in a special volume of Modern geology [v. 18 (Halstead memorial volume), 1993], with five additional contributions.--Pref."Mantell, Gideon A. (1825). "Notice on Alcober O.A & Martinez R.N. 2010. A new herrerasaurid (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. Zookeys. 63, 55–81. [4] Starrfelt, Jostein; Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). "How many dinosaur species were there? Fossil bias and true richness estimated using a Poisson sampling model". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. London: Royal Society. 371 (1691): 20150219. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0219. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4810813. PMID 26977060. Apex of a deltopectoral crest (a projection on which the deltopectoral muscles attach) located at or more than 30% down the length of the humerus (upper arm bone)

Based on fossil evidence from dinosaurs such as Oryctodromeus, some ornithischian species seem to have led a partially fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle. [174] Many modern birds are arboreal (tree climbing), and this was also true of many Mesozoic birds, especially the enantiornithines. [175] While some early bird-like species may have already been arboreal as well (including dromaeosaurids) such as Microraptor [176]) most non-avialan dinosaurs seem to have relied on land-based locomotion. A good understanding of how dinosaurs moved on the ground is key to models of dinosaur behavior; the science of biomechanics, pioneered by Robert McNeill Alexander, has provided significant insight in this area. For example, studies of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on dinosaurs' skeletal structure have investigated how fast dinosaurs could run, [136] whether diplodocids could create sonic booms via whip-like tail snapping, [177] and whether sauropods could float. [178] Communication Holland, William J. (May 1910). "A Review of Some Recent Criticisms of the Restorations of Sauropod Dinosaurs Existing in the Museums of the United States, with Special Reference to that of Diplodocus Carnegiei in the Carnegie Museum". The American Naturalist. American Society of Naturalists. 44 (521): 259–283. doi: 10.1086/279138. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 84424110 . Retrieved October 18, 2019.Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2007). Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. Illustrated by Luis V. Rey. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7. LCCN 2006102491. OCLC 77486015 . Retrieved October 22, 2019.

Sternberg, Charles Mortram (1966) [Original edition published by E. Cloutier, printer to the King, 1946]. Canadian Dinosaurs. Geological Series. Vol.54 (2nded.). Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. LCCN gs46000214. OCLC 1032865683. Dinosaurs began in the Upper Triassic, about 230 million years ago (mya). [3] The earliest date of a dinosaur fossil is that of Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus from Argentina, and Saturnalia from Brazil, 237 to 228 mya. [4] Despite the terms "bird hip" (Ornithischia) and "lizard hip" (Saurischia), birds are not part of Ornithischia. Birds instead belong to Saurischia, the "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs—birds evolved from earlier dinosaurs with "lizard hips". [30] Taxonomy a b Amiot, Romain; Buffetaut, Éric; Lécuyer, Christophe; etal. (2010). "Oxygen isotope evidence for semi-aquatic habits among spinosaurid theropods". Geology. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. 38 (2): 139–142. Bibcode: 2010Geo....38..139A. doi: 10.1130/G30402.1. ISSN 0091-7613.a b c "The Birth of Dinosaurs: Richard Owen and Dinosauria". Biodiversity Heritage Library. October 16, 2015 . Retrieved March 15, 2023. C A saurischian pelvis ( Staurikosaurus) D Lesothosaurus pelvis Dinosaur classification [ change | change source ] Evolution of dinosaurs Dinosaur features [ change | change source ] Labeled diagram of a typical archosaur skull, the skull of Dromaeosaurus