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Cocaine topical (C-Topical Solution) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 10 April 2020 . Retrieved 30 April 2020. National Drug Threat Assessment 2006". National Drug Intelligence Center. 2006. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Cocaine hydrochloride ( Goprelto), an ester local anesthetic, was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2017, and is indicated for the introduction of local anesthesia of the mucous membranes for diagnostic procedures and surgeries on or through the nasal cavities of adults. [40] [2] Cocaine hydrochloride ( Numbrino) was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2020. [41] [3] a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988. Colombia is as of 2019 the world's largest cocaine producer, with production more than tripling since 2013. [204] [205] Three-quarters of the world's annual yield of cocaine has been produced in Colombia, both from cocaine base imported from Peru (primarily the Huallaga Valley) and Bolivia and from locally grown coca. There was a 28% increase in the amount of potentially harvestable coca plants which were grown in Colombia in 1998. This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mid-1990s. Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade. [ citation needed]

Frazer KM, Richards Q, Keith DR (August 2018). "The long-term effects of cocaine use on cognitive functioning: A systematic critical review". Behavioural Brain Research. 348: 241–262. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.005. PMID 29673580. S2CID 4992738. Gay GR, Inaba DS, Sheppard CW, Newmeyer JA (1975). "Cocaine: history, epidemiology, human pharmacology, and treatment. a perspective on a new debut for an old girl". Clinical Toxicology. 8 (2): 149–78. doi: 10.3109/15563657508988061. PMID 1097168. Of all the drugs cocaine can give the most instantaneous high, but is then followed by feelings of depression known as a “crash“, leading the user to increase their intake. a b "World Drug Report 2016 (interactive map)". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2016. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Room R, Reuter P (January 2012). "How well do international drug conventions protect public health?". Lancet. 379 (9810): 84–91. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61423-2. PMID 22225673. S2CID 23386203. The international treaties have also constrained national policy experimentation because they require nation states to criminalise drug useCocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States (behind cannabis) [154] and the U.S. is the world's largest consumer of cocaine. [155] Its users span over different ages, races, and professions. In the 1970s and 1980s, the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio 54. Altman AJ, Albert DM, Fournier GA (1985). "Cocaine's use in ophthalmology: our 100-year heritage". Survey of Ophthalmology. 29 (4): 300–6. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(85)90153-5. PMID 3885453. In a study of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 14.6minutes. [52] Any damage to the inside of the nose is due to cocaine constricting blood vessels — and therefore restricting blood and oxygen/nutrient flow — to that area. Teobaldo L (1994). "The Standard Low Dose of Oral Cocaine: Used for Treatment of Cocaine Dependence" (PDF). Substance Abuse. 15 (4): 215–220. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2014. Barlow W (1989). Looking Up At Down: The Emergence of Blues Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-87722-583-4.

Donroe JH, Tetrault JM (July 2017). "Substance Use, Intoxication, and Withdrawal in the Critical Care Setting". Critical Care Clinics (Review). 33 (3): 543–558. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2017.03.003. PMID 28601134. Meet the Chemist Behind Many Popular—and Faulty—Police Drug Kits". Pacific Standard. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2020.The book covers the first meeting of Rusty and Thomas. During the period Rusty was living in San Pedro to record Thomas's story, another inmate who owed Thomas money tried to set him up to be found in possession of drugs. Rusty, using his legal skills, posed as Thomas's "international human rights lawyer" [3] and as a result Thomas was found innocent of these additional charges. Because his original sentence had already expired as he waited for the new case to be heard, this finding of innocence meant that Thomas was now free. After securing Thomas's release, Rusty and Thomas lived in Colombia where Rusty taught the English language and finished writing Thomas's story. [5] Rusty has also stated that he helped Thomas readjust to living outside the prison. "We lived together for three months and I helped him basically readjust to normal living, having to deal with such normal, boring things as paying the bills, paying the rent, getting up in the morning at the same time." [3] Public reception [ edit ] Analysis of the correlation between the use of 18 various psychoactive substances shows that cocaine use correlates with other " party drugs" (such as ecstasy or amphetamines), as well as with heroin and benzodiazepines use, and can be considered as a bridge between the use of different groups of drugs. [46] Coca leaves Fehrman E, Egan V, Gorban AN, Levesley J, Mirkes EM, Muhammad AK (2019). Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data. Springer, Cham. arXiv: 2001.06520. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-10442-9. ISBN 978-3-030-10441-2. S2CID 151160405. There are also warnings about the threat of breastfeeding: The March of Dimes said "it is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk," and advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy: Dimitrijevic N, Dzitoyeva S, Manev H (August 2004). "An automated assay of the behavioral effects of cocaine injections in adult Drosophila". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 137 (2): 181–184. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.02.023. PMID 15262059. S2CID 19882594.

Waldorf D, Reinarman C, Murphy S (June 1992). Cocaine Changes: The Experience of Using and Quitting. Temple University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-56639-013-2 . Retrieved 18 May 2017.

By 1885 the U.S. manufacturer Parke-Davis sold coca-leaf cigarettes and cheroots, a cocaine inhalant, a Coca Cordial, cocaine crystals, and cocaine solution for intravenous injection. [176] The company promised that its cocaine products would "supply the place of food, make the coward brave, the silent eloquent and render the sufferer insensitive to pain."

Boles SM, Miotto K (March–April 2003). "Substance abuse and violence: A review of the literature". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 8 (2): 155–174. doi: 10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00057-X. If you wanna hang out you’ve got to take her out; cocaine.If you wanna get down, down on the ground; cocaine. She don’t lie, she don’t lie, she don’t lie; cocaine. Plowman T (June 1982). "The identification of coca (Erythroxylum species): 1860–1910". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 84 (4): 329–353. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00368.x.Pergolizzi JV, Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Breve F, Varrassi G (April 2021). "Cocaine and Cardiotoxicity: A Literature Review". Cureus. 13 (4): e14594. doi: 10.7759/cureus.14594. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 8136464. PMID 34036012. a b Sordo L, Indave BI, Barrio G, Degenhardt L, de la Fuente L, Bravo MJ (September 2014). "Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review". Drug and Alcohol Dependence (Systematic Review). 142: 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041. PMID 25066468. The biosynthesis begins with L- Glutamine, which is derived to L- ornithine in plants. The major contribution of L-ornithine and L- arginine as a precursor to the tropane ring was confirmed by Edward Leete. [139] Ornithine then undergoes a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylation to form putrescine. In some animals, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine. L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine, [140] which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives N-carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine. The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged. A SAM-dependent N-methylation of putrescine gives the N-methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde. Schiff base formation confirms the biosynthesis of the N-methyl-Δ 1-pyrrolinium cation. Garcia RC, Torres LH, Balestrin NT, Andrioli TC, Flório JC, de Oliveira CD, da Costa JL, Yonamine M, Sandoval MR, Camarini R, Marcourakis T (February 2017). "Anhydroecgonine methyl ester, a cocaine pyrolysis product, may contribute to cocaine behavioral sensitization". Toxicology. 376: 44–50. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.04.009. PMID 27129946. In 2022, a GMO produced N. benthamiana were discovered that were able to produce 25% of the amount of cocaine found in a coca plant. [144] Detection in body fluids