Roxley Iron Clays (200 Count)

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a b c d "The Clay Mineral Group". Amethyst Galleries. 1996. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005 . Retrieved 22 February 2007. M. V. Schaefer, C. A. Gorski and M. M. Scherer, Spectroscopic evidence for interfacial Fe(II)–Fe(III) electron transfer in a clay mineral, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011, 45, 540–545 CrossRef CAS PubMed . T. B. Hofstetter, R. P. Schwarzenbach and S. B. Haderlein, Reactivity of Fe(II) species associated with clay minerals, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003, 37, 519–528 CrossRef CAS PubMed . Brass: Birmingham features meticulously crafted illustrations by Damien Mammoliti and Mr. Cuddington, elegant graphic design, and high quality components.

It happens to us all. There comes a time in every board gamer’s journey where we see our shelves stuffed with games, some still wrapped in pristine cellophane, and wished there was a bit more we could do to spruce up our favorite pass time. Some are content with whatever comes in the box and as long as there is space on a table, any table will do. Others still, want more. A dedicated space for Kallaxes, card holders, exclusive tables where board games will forever be present and never a single scrap of food shall bet set. You know, fancy stuff. But why do we need them? Well, as gamers, we are now at a stage where our tastes are refining. Not just in terms of mechanics and theme, but also components. Breuer, Stephen (July 2012). "The chemistry of pottery" (PDF). Education in Chemistry: 17–20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 8 December 2020. A. Manceau and M. L. Schlegel, Texture effect on polarized EXAFS amplitude, Phys. Chem. Miner., 2001, 28, 52–56 CrossRef CAS .Hodges, S.C. (2010). "Soil fertility basics" (PDF). Soil Science Extension, North Carolina State University . Retrieved 8 December 2020. C. Mikutta, X-ray absorption spectroscopy study on the effect of hydroxybenzoic acids on the formation and structure of ferrihydrite, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2011, 75, 5122–5139 CrossRef CAS . C. A. Gorski, L. Klupfel, A. Voegelin, M. Sander and T. B. Hofstetter, Redox properties of structural Fe in clay minerals. 2. Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization of electron transfer irreversibility in ferruginous smectite, SWa-1, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2012, 46, 9369–9377 CrossRef CAS PubMed . a The amplitude reduction factor S 0 2, was set to 0.9 based on first shell optimization for all sorption samples ( R-range 1.1–2.5 Å). b Path degeneracy (coordination number). c Mean half path length. d Debye–Waller parameter. Debye–Waller parameter was fixed to 0.01 Å 2 for Fe–Al and Fe–Si based on the σ 2 obtained for Fe–Si and Fe–Al path by Soltermann et al. 30 σ 2 (Fe) was fixed to 0.009 Å 2 for Fe–Fe of low Fe-load sorption sample like was fitted for edge-sharing Fe–Fe for low Fe-load samples. e Energy-shift parameter. f Fit accuracy; reduced N idp, N pts and N var are, respectively, the number of independent points in the model fit (11.2–13.7), the total number of data points (151–171), and the number of fit variables (6–10). ε i is the uncertainty of the i th data point. g R-factor; Normalized sum of squared residuals Note: The FT of k 3-weighted EXAFS spectrum of the anoxic low Fe-loading samples at pH 8.1 was calculated over a k-range of 2–9.5 Å −1. The shell-fit analysis of k 3-weighted Fe EXAFS spectrum of the anoxic low Fe-loading sample at pH 7.0 was performed in R-space R + Δ R-range of 1.1–4 Å.

To investigate the sorption mechanism of Fe 2+ to Syn-1 by XAS further, an additional set of samples was prepared at pH 7 or 8 under anoxic conditions containing 5 g L −1 clay, 0.25 or 2.5 mM Fe 2+, and 50 mM CaCl 2. The high CaCl 2 concentration and pH values were selected to focus on sorption processes on edge surfaces, which are expected to dominate under these conditions. Furthermore, at pH < 8 the dissolved Fe 2+ concentrations in the suspensions were always below saturation with respect to Fe(OH) 2 (Table S1 †).Argillaceous limestone: Mineral information, data and localities". www.mindat.org . Retrieved 2019-12-27. V. Badaut, M. L. Schlegel, M. Descostes and G. Moutiers, In situ time-resolved X-ray near-edge absorption spectroscopy of selenite reduction by siderite, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2012, 46, 10820–10826 CrossRef CAS PubMed . If you love luxury in board games, then you’re going to fall in love with these Iron Clays! Many board games come with punchboards, providing cardboard coin chits. They work from a functional point of view. But nothing quite compares to premium components, does it? There are gaming counters, and then there’s the next-level goodies. That’s where these Iron Clays come into their own… There’s 100 Iron Clays in this Retail Edition. These form the currency that you’ll spend throughout the game. These chips not only look beautiful, but remain resilient. The 100 chips consist of: C. A. Gorski, L. E. Klupfel, A. Voegelin, M. Sander and T. B. Hofstetter, Redox properties of structural Fe in clay minerals: 3. Relationships between smectite redox and structural properties, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2013, 47, 13477–13485 CrossRef CAS PubMed .

If you’re other than a board gamer or are into board games but also dabble in the odd poker game here or there, or are an ardent participant in those circles, Iron Clays may not be for you. U. Schwertmann and R. M. Cornell, Iron oxides in the laboratory:preparation and characterization, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, New York, 2nd completely rev. and extended edn, 2000 Search PubMed . For the majority of the samples, the LCF significantly improved when an Fe( III)-containing clay mineral reference (SWy-2, containing 3 wt% Fe) was included as additional reference in the fits. Released Si from Syn-1 after 1 day equilibration between pH 6 and 10 amounted on average to ∼0.016 mmol Si per g clay compared to up to 8 times lower Si concentrations for anoxic sorption samples with Fe (see Fig. S6a and S7 †). This provides additional evidence that the released Si from Syn-1 was removed from solution upon addition of Fe, either by adsorption or incorporation into newly formed Fe phases. It has been suggested by Soltermann et al. 30 that Fe 2+ can be taken up by the clay minerals, leading to the formation of Fe-bearing clay minerals.

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A. N. Starcher, W. Li, R. K. Kukkadapu, E. J. Elzinga and D. L. Sparks, Fe(II) sorption on pyrophyllite: Effect of structural Fe(III) (impurity) in pyrophyllite on nature of layered double hydroxide (LDH) secondary mineral formation, Chem. Geol., 2016, 439, 152–160 CrossRef CAS . Géhin et al. 14 suggested hydrogen to be a potential electron acceptor with the production of H 2 that might be sorbed by the clay mineral and ensure the reversibility of the Fe( II) oxidation. In the study by Géhin et al., 14 the Fe 2+ concentration added to a Fe-free clay (∼0.06 mmol Fe per g clay) was similar to the low Fe-loading sorption samples of this study. The partial pressure of H 2 in both experiments was very low as they were performed in a 100% N 2 atmosphere. 14 Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that at very low H 2 partial pressures, H + is a potential oxidant for Fe 2+ at neutral to alkaline pH to form amorphous Fe( III)-hydroxides (Fig. S2a †). In the presence of more crystalline Fe( III) solids having lower iron solubilities such as e.g., lepidocrocite and goethite, H + would represent an even more favorable oxidant for Fe 2+ and might enable Fe 2+ oxidation already at slightly acidic pH values (Fig. S2b †). The reduction of H + would lead to the production of H 2 and an increase of the partial pressure of H 2. Concurrently, the Fe 2+ activity is expected to decrease due to the formation of Fe( III) solid phases and progressing Fe 2+ adsorption to mineral surfaces. Consequently, the ability of H + to act as an oxidant for Fe 2+ decreased during sample equilibration (see arrows in Fig. S2a †). This explains why the oxidation of Fe 2+ was limited in our experiments. Accordingly, an increased percentage of Fe 2+ oxidation with lower Fe-loading is expected, which is consistent with previous findings by Soltermann et al. and Géhin et al. 14,30 confirming that the oxidation of Fe 2+ is likely limited by the partial pressure of H 2 and the Fe 2+ activity in solution. In a control experiment without clay minerals present, Fe 2+ oxidation was not observed. Based on this finding, we propose that clay minerals served as a catalyst for Fe 2+ oxidation by H + by facilitating the electron transfer via ligation of Fe 2+ to protonated surface oxygen atoms. This catalytic effect of surfaces in electron transfer reactions may be important in various environmental settings. For instance, it has been shown that the reduction of organic pollutants by Fe 2+ is enhanced when sorbed to mineral surfaces. 48–50 The LCF of EXAFS spectra of oxic samples significantly improved when an Fe( III)-containing clay mineral reference (SWy-2, representing Fe( III) in phyllosilicate structures) was included. Furthermore, measured Si in solution of oxic samples was 6–40 times lower than the Si released from Syn-1 after 1 day equilibration between pH 6 and 10 in absence of Fe (∼0.016 mmol Si per g clay) (Fig. S6a and S7 †). Combined, this provides strong evidence for sorption and/or incorporation of Si into the Fe species formed upon aeration. Based on the LCF results, the amount of Fe sorbed by the formation of Fe-phyllosilicates (the fraction fitted by SWy-2) was calculated. Together with amount Si re-sorbed upon Fe 2+ addition, this allowed to calculate the ratio of Fe to Si sorbed in the samples. The overall Fe/Si ratio of the newly formed Fe species was estimated to amount to 0.56–1.83 (Tables S4 and S5 †). These values are in line with Fe/Si ratios one would expect for 1 : 1 Fe-phyllosilicate, like (Fe 2+,Fe 3+) 3–2Si 2O 5OH and 2 : 1 Fe-phyllosilicate ((Fe 2+,Fe 3+) 3–2Si 4O 10(OH) 2). 76 Honestly, these Iron Clays really have opened my eyes. Previously resistant to investing in accessories, I am now actually looking for games with the worst cardboard counters just so that I can revel in superior counter smugness! If you are fed up with cardboard coins lowering your fun level, I highly recommend investing in Iron Clays. After all, stunning counters are for life, not just for Christmas! Kerr PF (1952). "Formation and Occurrence of Clay Minerals". Clays and Clay Minerals. 1 (1): 19–32. doi: 10.1346/CCMN.1952.0010104.

Cairns-Smith, Graham (2 September 1982). Genetic Takeover and the Mineral Origins of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23312-7. OCLC 7875600. Mitchell, James Kenneth, 1930–Fundamentals of soil behavior /James K. Mitchell, Kenichi Soga.—3rd ed. p/85-100

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T. B. Hofstetter, A. Neumann and R. P. Schwarzenbach, Reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by Fe(II) species associated with iron-rich smectites, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2006, 40, 235–242 CrossRef CAS PubMed . Harwood, William (October 11, 2023). "NASA's recovered Bennu asteroid samples show evidence of carbon and water, scientists say". CBS News . Retrieved October 16, 2023. P. Refait, L. Simon and J. M. R. Genin, Reduction of SeO 4 2- anions and anoxic formation of iron(II)-iron(III) hydroxy selenate green rust, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2000, 34, 819–825 CrossRef CAS .