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A. Mom did not get to hold her head under there very long because Sylvia was hysterical to get away. Stephanie and Richard then decided to give Likens a warm, soapy bath and dress her in new clothes. They then laid her upon a mattress in one of the bedrooms [89] as Sylvia muttered her final wish that her "daddy was here" and that Stephanie would take her home. Stephanie then turned to her younger sister, Shirley, exclaiming, "Oh! She'll be alright!" [88] a b Flowers, R. Barri; Flowers, H. Lorraine (January 2004). Murders in the United States: Crimes, Killers and Victims of the Twentieth Century. Taos, New Mexico: Paradise House Press. p.120. ISBN 0-7864-2075-8.
In September 1970, the Indiana Supreme Court reversed the convictions of Gertrude and Paula Baniszewski on the basis that Judge Saul Isaac Rabb had denied repeatedly submitted motions by their defense counsel at their original trial, for both a change of venue and separate trials. [112] This ruling further stated that the circumstances regarding the prejudicial atmosphere created during their initial trial, due to the extensive news media publicity surrounding the case, impeded any chance of either appellant receiving a fair trial. [153] Social contagion accounted for 61.1% of 11,123 gunshot episodes in Chicago.” The study covered the years between 2006 and 2014. (Ben Green, Thibaut Horel, and Andrew Papachristos, “Modeling Contagion Through Social Networks to Explain and Predict Gunshot Violence in Chicago, 2006–2014,” JAMA Internal Medicine 177, 2017.) Emotional contagion is alive and well in science. Mimesis, that old word, to mimic, imitate, is built in to the species. Jury Convicts Torturers in Girl's Death". The Gettysburg Times. May 19, 1966 . Retrieved May 4, 2019. Bellafonte, Ginia (May 10, 2008). "Home-Grown, Everyday Sadism". The New York Times . Retrieved September 9, 2011.Dean, John (1999). The Indiana Torture Slaying: Sylvia Likens' Ordeal and Death. Borf Books. p.89. ISBN 978-0-9604894-7-3. Section of Deputy Prosecutor Marjorie Wessner's closing argument at the trial of Gertrude Baniszewski. [138] Bowman, Forrest Jr. (2014). Sylvia: The Likens Trial. California: CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-502-58263-8. Waldfogel, Jane (2001). The Future of Child Protection: How to Break the Cycle of Abuse and Neglect. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00723-9.
Elizabeth and Lester Likens died in 1998 and 2013, respectively. In the years prior to her own death, Jenny Likens Wade had repeatedly emphasized that no blame should be attributed to either of her parents for placing her and Sylvia in the care of Gertrude Baniszewski as all her parents had done was to naively trust Gertrude's promise to care for the sisters until their return to Indiana with the traveling carnival. [188] The granite memorial dedicated to the memory of Sylvia Likens and her legacy, formally unveiled in June 2001 Genzlinger, Neil (October 3, 2007). "A Neighbor's-Eye View of Deep Depravity". The New York Times . Retrieved April 20, 2020. Because of internal problems with the film's original distributor, First Look International, the film was not released theatrically. [2] The Showtime television network officially premiered An American Crime on May 10, 2008. [3] The film was nominated for a Golden Globe, a Primetime Emmy (both for Keener's performance), and a Writers Guild of America Award. On May 25, Gertrude and Paula Baniszewski were formally sentenced to life imprisonment. [151] [152] The same day, Richard Hobbs, Coy Hubbard, and John Baniszewski Jr. each received sentences of 2-to-21 years, to be served in the Indiana Reformatory. [152] Retrials [ edit ]Paula Baniszewski was 17 years old in the summer of 1965 when a 16-year-old girl names Sylvia Likens and her sister came to stay with Baniszewski's family. In the months that followed, Likens was beaten, burned, malnourished and branded with a hot needle. Her body was found in the basement of the home in October of that year.
James Nedder began his closing argument in defense of Richard Hobbs by referring to the loss of Likens, stating: "She had a right to live. In my own heart I cannot remember a girl so much sinned against and abused." He then referred to Hobbs' courage in opting to testify in his own defense and the "savage and relentless cross-examination" to which he had been subjected by Leroy New. Nedder attempted to portray his client as a follower-type personality who had acted under the control of Gertrude Baniszewski, suggesting that had he not carved part of the obscene insult into Likens's abdomen at Gertrude's request, Hobbs could well have been a state's witness as opposed to Stephanie Baniszewski. He then referred to Jenny's overall failure to notify authorities of her sister's abuse until she had already died, describing her as "a sister who could limp three-and-a-half miles to a park but couldn't take two or three steps out into New York Street to beg for help!" [142] a b c Mitchell, Dawn (October 26, 2018). "The 1965 Torture and Murder of Sylvia Likens". The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved April 14, 2019.The trial of the five defendants lasted 17 days before the jury retired to consider its verdict. [112] On May 19, 1966, after deliberating for eight hours, the panel of eight men and four women found Gertrude Baniszewski guilty of first-degree murder, [149] recommending a sentence of life imprisonment. Paula Baniszewski was found guilty of second-degree murder, [112] and Hobbs, Hubbard, and John Baniszewski Jr. were found guilty of manslaughter. [150] Upon hearing Judge Rabb pronounce the verdicts, Gertrude and her children burst into tears and attempted to console each other, as Hobbs and Hubbard remained impassive. [24] Gertrude Baniszewski and her son, John Baniszewski Jr., following their conviction for Likens's murder, May 19, 1966 When Stephanie realized that Likens was not breathing, she attempted to apply mouth-to-mouth resuscitation as Gertrude repeatedly shouted to the children in the house that Likens was faking her death. [6] Likens was 16 years old when she finally succumbed to her injuries. [78] Arrest [ edit ]
Noe, Denise. "The Torturing Death of Sylvia Marie Likens — In Memoriam — Crime Library on". Trutv.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012 . Retrieved September 22, 2012. At a formal pretrial hearing held on March 16, 1966, several psychiatrists testified before Judge Saul Isaac Rabb as to their conclusions regarding psychiatric evaluations they had conducted upon three individuals indicted in Likens's murder. These experts testified that all three were mentally competent to stand trial. [111] Trial [ edit ]Within her parole hearing, Baniszewski stated her wish that Likens's death could "be undone", [162] although she minimized her responsibility for any of her actions, [156] stating: "I'm not sure what role I had in [Likens's death], because I was on drugs. I never really knew her ... I take full responsibility for whatever happened to Sylvia." Taking Gertrude's good conduct in prison into account, the parole board marginally voted in favor of granting her parole. She was released from prison on December 4, 1985. [163] Aftermath [ edit ] Gertrude Baniszewski photographed in 1986, one year after her release from the Indiana Women's Prison. The reader should note that for this analysis, the non-rational, non-symbolic transmission of emotional states among individuals is treated as an aspect of information transit among populations.” (James Hazy and Richard E. Boyatzis, “Emotional Contagion and Protoorganizing in Human Interaction Dynamics,” Frontiers in Psychology 6, 2015.) The following day, Gertrude Baniszewski testified in her own defense. She denied any responsibility for Likens's prolonged abuse, torment, and ultimate death, claiming her children, and other children within her neighborhood must have committed the acts within her home, which she described as being "such a madhouse". She also added that she had been too preoccupied with her own ill health and depression to control her children. [16]
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